Chapter 32: Latin America, Asia, And Africa In The Contemporary World Flashcards
1
Q
Fidel Castro (#6)
A
Mid 20th century to early 21st century, Cuba
- Fidel Castro ousted dictator Batista (supported by U.S.) and took control of Cuba in 1950s
- Castro made Cuba communist; initiated agressive land reforms, created social equality, involved the gov’t in economic matters like taking over important industries, etc. However, Cuba remained frail economically.
- Formed alliance with Soviet Union after US tries to topple him with the failed Bay of Pigs invasion
- Soviet-Cuba alliance led to the Cuban Missle Crisis when US and Soviet almost went to nuclear war over missles in Cuba
- CC: Compare to other Cold War communist leaders like Kruschev or Brezhnev (USSR) or Ho Chi Mihn (Vietnam); Contrast to democratic leaders like JF Kennedy (US) or DeGaulle (France).
- COT: Castro changed Cuba to a Communist country in the 1950s, and it continues to be the same today, with the US embargo from the 1960s still in effect
2
Q
Asian Tigers or Four Dragons
#6
A
- Late 20th century, East Asia
- Consisted of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan.
- Hong Kong and Singapore were large financial centers.
- Later joined by Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia.
- South Korea and Taiwan were mass producers of high-technology and electronic manufacturing.
CC: Compare to ecomonic nationalism in the Latina American countries of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico, which also tried to improve their economies in the early-mid 20th century; contrasted to the U.S. because the Tigers started with a weak economy while the U.S.had a strong economy.
COT: A major change, because these 4 nations put nationalism and colonialism aside in order to create modern, industrialized nations that could compete withlarger nations
3
Q
Nonalignment
#4
A
- Mid-late 20th century, world-wide.
- Nations that did not take a side during Cold War
- CC: Compare to countries during WW2 who remained neutral such as Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, and Ireland.
- COT: Continuity because countries still stay neutral to this day
4
Q
Mao Zedong (#7)
A
- Mid 20th century, China
- Became the communist leader in China after beating the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) and expelling him to Taiwan (The two men were enemies before World War II and had only worked together to get rid of the Japanese)
- Used the Great Leap Foward to make China more industrialized (it failed); implemented land reform (collectivization of farms) which was popular with poor peasants but ulimately created famine.
- Mao used the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution to purge non-suporters and make people more loyal to communism (used his Red Guard to do this)
- Launched a five-year plan (rapid development of factories and industry) in China.
- CC: Compare to other Communist dictators like Castro (Cuba) or Ho Chi Minh (leader of Vietnam’s Viet Cong communist party) or Kruschev (USSR) or Allende in Chile; contrast to democratically elected leaders.
- COT: Changed China to make it Communist.
5
Q
Apartheid
#7
A
- Starts early 20th century, ends in late 20th, Africa
- Established by the Afrikaner (White persoof Dutch descent) National Party in 1948
- Meant to segregate in favor of white minority
- African National Congress (ANC) did not support this idea and leaders were jailed
- South African President de Klerk ended apartheid through negotiations with Mandela in the late 20th century:
a) Gave civil and econ. rights for minorities
b) Universal suffrage, including the black majority - CC: Compare to American Civil Rights Act because blacks recieved rights under the law in both; contrast to Bosnian treatment/persecution of Serbs in the 1980-90s and ethnic tribal warfare in other African states.
- COT: Continuity because native blacks always treated unfairly and inequal to whites since Old Imperialism (late 15th-late 18th) and New Imp (19th-early 20th), but changed in that rights were gained by blacks at end of 20th.h
6
Q
Great Depression in Latin America
#6
A
- Early 20th century, Latin America
- Latin American countries depended too much on exporting one raw good (coffee, bananas, sugar) for gaining foreign goods which were priced too high, their econ collapsed.
- Depression caused shift toward economic nationalism–industries that were important for national health (oil, mining, etc.) were taken out of private hands and “nationalized” (controlled by gov’t, NOT communism though), or supported through gov’t grants, or protected form foreign competition with tariffs.
- Brazil and Mexico became largest industrialist nations in Latin America.
- CC: Compare to American Great Depression or Europe (1930s), where gov’ts stepped in to help the economy. President Roosevelt’s New Deal and the actions of Hitler and Mussolini were to get the economy going.
Contrast to Mao’s five-year plan in China to increase industry. - COT: A change b/c the Great Depression cut off the Latin American countries from the Western nations and ended the neocolonialism (Ex.: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico)
7
Q
Lazaro Cardenas
#5
A
- Early 20th century, Mexico.
- President of Mexico who emphasized nationalism tried to make more social equality between the upper and lower classes (in past, Mexican politics and econ had been dominated by upper class families)
- Began major land and economic reforms such as divided large estates among poor farmers or Native Americans.
- Gov’t nationalized (took over and controlled) the petroleum industry; gov’t gave grants to support devlopments of new businesses, economy began to prosper
- Embraced Indian heritage and its resurgence within the Mexican culture .
CC: Comparison to other leaders who promoted nationalism and refom such as Gandhi, Nehru, and al-Jinnah (India), Sun Yat-sen (China), Nasser (Egypt), etc.; contrast him with…?
COT: Continued the land reform imposed by the new constitution after the Mexican Revolution in the early 20th century; can also be used as a change b/c he was an openly-elected president and Mexico had a previous history of military dictatorships, such as Diaz in the early 20th century and the Spanish control of Mexico when it was a colony from early 16th to early 19th)
8
Q
Juan Peron
#5
A
- Mid 20th century, Argentina.
- Was an economic nationalist.
- Restored elected democratic government style.
- CC: Compare to modernizing, semi-authoritian leaders such as Aquino from the Philippines in the late 20th century or Indira Gandhi (India), Sun Yat-sen (China), Nasser (Egypt), b/c all focused on economic nationalism; could also be compared to Diaz of early 20th century Mexico because both were essentially dictators
- COT: A continuity because the Argentinian gov’t was under military dictatorship before Peron (even though he was popularly elected, he still had a large degree of authority over the gov’t) and after him, the gov’t was still controlled by a military dictatoship until Galtieri in 1980s
9
Q
Leopoldo Galtieri (#5)
A
- Late 20th century, Argentina.
- Military leader who was a brutal dictator
- Lost support due to his Dirty War (Argentinian military accused, arrested, and punished citizens who spoke out against the dictatorship) and failed invasion of the British Falkland islands; after him, a democratic president was elected.
- CC: Compare Galtieri to any other leader who was a dictator and used the military to maintain control. These include numerous people in Latin America (Castro in Cuba, Papa Doc and Baby Doc in Haiti, Vargas in Brazil) or Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping in China, or the dictators of Africa (Mugabe in Zimbabwe, Gaddaffi in Libya, Idi Amin in Uganda, etc.); contrast him to any democratically-elected US president who did not persecute his own people if they disagreed with him (JFK, Nixon, etc,) or European leader (De Gaulle, Churchill)
- COT: Continuity b/c he continued the military dictatorship in Argentina, such as the military takeovers in the 1960s and 1970s.
10
Q
Salvador Allende (#10)
A
- Late 20th century, Chile.
- Head of a coalition of communists, socialists, and radicals.
- Elected president in 1970 by Chilean Congress.
- As a socialist, he completed the nationalization of copper companies and other industries that were important to the health of the nation.
- Broke up large landed estates, attempted agricultural collectivization
- Radicalized the poor and tried to improve their social/econ positions
- Eventually overthrown by right-wing military and killed; Chilean gov’t became a conservative military dictatorship after Allende.
- CC: Compare to other communist/socialist leaders like Kruschev and Brehznev in the Soviet Union, Dubcek in Checoslovakia, Deng Xiaoping in China; contrast with military, right-leaning conservative leaders like Peron and Galtieri (Argentina), Thatcher in Britain, etc.
- COT: Change b/c Chile went from a leftist socialist regime under Allende to a rightist military dictatorship under Pinochet after Allende was removed.
11
Q
Sandinistas and Contras affair
#8
A
- Late 20th century, Nicaragua.
- Sandinistas a coalition of liberals, socialists, and Marxist revolutionaries.
- Ousted Anastasio Somoza from the throne.
- Wanted independence from the neo-colonialism of the US (which was both politically and economically influential in central America because of the Monroe Doctrine of the mid 19th and Roosevelt Corollary of the early 20th century) and reforms; the Sandinistas had ties with communist countries and nationalized industry.
- American gov’t helped create counterrevolutionary mercenaries to fight the Sandinist, these were known as Contras.
- Sandinistas were defeated in the elections and surrendered to the Contras.
- CC: Compare to other socialist-communist movements around the globe: Allende (Chile) and Castro (Cuba), or Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping in China, or the socialists in Eastern Europe like Dubcek, or the leaders of the USSR (Kruschev, Brehznev), or Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam. In many of the above examples, the US provided support to anti-communist groups because of the Cold War policy of containment, so that would be another similarity.
- COT: Change from the Sandinistas lost their authority to the Contras.
12
Q
Chinese Civil War
#7
A
- Early 20th century, China.
- Fought between communists and nationalists (Kuomintang).
- Communist leader was Mao.
- Nationalist leader was Jiang Jieshi.
- Athough Nationalist were winning before World War II (they chased Mao’s Red Army on the Long March), and although the two groups worked together to defeat the Japanese invaders in World War II, the Communists won the civil war.
- CC: Compare to the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia or Cuban Revolution b/c both were centered around communism and utilized the support of the working classes;
- COT: Changed China to a communist state when Mao Zedong won the civil war.
13
Q
Great Leap Forward
#6
A
- Mid 20th century, China.
- Economic reforms Imposed by Mao on the entire country.
- Goals: a) to accelerate industrialization by using small scale workshops run by peasants b) to reject individualism and Confucian family values.
- Failed b/c; peasant families couldn’t make quality steel in their backyards using little technology.
- CC: Compare to the New Deal in the United States under Roosevelt and to the Five-Year Plan under Stalin in the Soviet Union, or nationalization movement by Cardenas in Mexico or Allende in Chile.
- COT: Change because (although it failied) it did push China’s economy in a communist direction, rather than a capitalist (free market) one; however, after Mao died in the late 20th century, Deng Xiaoping would allow some capitalism under his Four Modernizations.
14
Q
Four Modernizations
#9
A
- Late 20th century, China.
- Imposed by Deng Xiaping (slightly flexible communist dictator after Mao in 1970s).
- The four were:
A. Agriculture
B. Industry
C. Science + technology
D. National defense - Agriculture: peasants farmed land in family units (he ended the collectivization that failed under Mao)
- Industry: foreign capitalists could open factories
- Science + technology: literacy campaigns taught people how to read. “Barefoot Doctors” (peasants trained in simple medical techniques by the gov’t) brought medicine to the countryside
- National defense: communist party perserved political strength by slowing the trend of a free economy
- Deng Xiaping allowed limited capitalism in some areas to improve the overall economic strength, industrialization, and modernization of China; however, he did NOT allow free speech (see Tiananmen Massacre) or other democratic rights like voting because China mained a one-party state.
- CC: Compare to Great Leap Forward which tried to help improve the economy.
- COT: Change to help improve the economy.
15
Q
Jawaharlal Nehru
#5
A
- Early 20th century, India.
- First president of free India.
- Social reforms:
a) granted women the right to vote, to divorce, and marry outside their castes.
b) abolished the untouchable caste. - Worked on improving the economy of India, but its growing population kept most people poor, even though modern industries did begin.
- CC: compare with states that gave
woment and minorities equal rights in the 20th century (most western states in Europe, the US, Canda, etc), China, Turkey under Kemal Ataturk, Japan after WWII, Latin America in the early-mid 20th century, - COT: Change b/c women did not have suffrage before Nehru in India; contrast to any state that was a dictatorship after gaining independence, such as most of the nations in Africa (Ghana, Nigeria, Libya, Congo) and some of the states in Latin America (Brazil, Chile, Argentina)
16
Q
Indira Gandhi (Not related to Mahatma Gandhi) (#8)
A
- Late 20th century, India.
- Was a female prime minister of India in late 20th century.
- Strengthened Indian democracy through free elections.
- Proclaimed a state of emergency and limited democracy so that the gov’t could attack corruption and try to limit sectarian violence; forced sterilization of males to limit population growth
- She was defeated in free elections but then elected back as prime minister later.
CC: Compare to other strong women who gained authority in the 20th century such as Margaret Thatcher in Britain, Aquino in the Philippines, and Angela Merkel in Germany
COT: Change because she was one of the first women leaders in India; continuity because India continued its democratic tradtions for the most part under her and her successors.
17
Q
Nasser
#7
A
- Mid 20th century, Egypt.
- Military leader who drove out King Farouk, the absolutist leader of Egypt.
- Decided on being neutral during the cold war, but accepted USSR money to build public works (Nasser Dam) and nationalized the Suez canal company (took it away from British control and made it belong to the state of Egypt)
- Brief war with Israel and Britian after he nationalized the Suez canal, but he lost; many Egyptians became anti-Western and pro-Muslim/Arab after this war.
- CC: Compare to other leaders of newly-independent states who tried to stay neutral in the Cold War but also nationalized and modernized certain industries and refomed some of the gov’t or social inequalities such as Nehru and Indira Gandhi of India; compare with other leaders who used the military to overthrow a gov’t such as Galtieri in Argentina, or Pinochet in Chile; contrast with leaders of newly-independent states who became radically communist (Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, Castro in Cuba, etc.)
COT: Change b/c the king before Nasser, Farouk, was pro-Western and Nasser was anti-Western; continuity because Farouk, Nasser, Sadat and Mubarak (Nasser’s successors) were all authoritarian rulers with nearly complete political control.
18
Q
Hosni Mubarak
#5
A
- Late 20th century, Egypt
- Essentially the military dictator of Egypt in the late 20th century; he was just removed from authority in 2012 in the Egyptian uprising.
- Similiar to Sadat, who ruled before him, Mubarak concentrated on curbing Muslim fundamentalism and promoting economic development of Egypt; unlike Nasser, Mubarak was more pro-US
- Similiar to Sadat, Mubarak tried to maintained peace with Israel
CC: Compare Mubarak to present-day dictators who use their military to stay in authority such as those in Latin America (Castro in Cuba, Papa Doc and Baby Doc in Haiti, Vargas in Brazil) or Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping in China, or the dictators of Africa (Mugabe in Zimbabwe, Gaddaffi in Libya, Idi Amin in Uganda, etc.); contrast him to any democratically-elected US president who did not persecute his own people if they disagreed with him (JFK, Nixon, etc,) or European leader (De Gaulle, Churchill)
COT: Continuity because through King Farouk (early 20th century) through Nasser, Sadat, then Mubarak, Egypt has been ruled by a single authoritarian ruler with the aid of the military; change because both Mubarak and his predecessor, Sadat, had a more peaceful stance towards Israel and the US than Nasser from the mid 20th century.
19
Q
Chinua Achebe
#6
A
- Early 20th century, Africa
- A writer who wanted to restore self confidence in the African people after Imperialism
- Wrote “Things Fall Apart” which was about how European colonialism negatively affected African natives’ lives and society.
- Was involved in the struggle for a democratic government in Nigeria
- CC: Compare him to other anti-imperialists such as Gandhi, Mandela, etc.
- COT: Whereas “blackness” and Africa were seen as backwards during Old and New Imperialism of Europe (Social Darwinism and the White Man’s Burdent noted that the white race was dominant and had to civilize all other races), Achebe’s work changed Africa because it shows the pride and confidence native Africans had in their own ideas, methods, and abilities.
20
Q
Nelson Mandela (#7)
A
- Late 20th century, South Africa
- Started African National Congress (ANC), the main black nationalist movement in South Africa
- Established underground army to overthrow white-dominated government
- Was arrested and imprisioned because of his efforts to end Aparthied (racial segregation between blacks and whites), but later freed by white president Fredrik de Klerk and the two worked together to stop the violence in South Africa.
- Became first black president of South Africa and built a democratic multiracial nation
- CC: Compare to Aquino in the Philippines b/c minorities were able to get into office, or Ghandi in India who promoted racial/ethnic equality, or Martin Luther King and Malcolm X in the US during the Civil Rights movement; contrast to leaders who used violent repression once in office (Deng Xioaping’s Tianamen Square Massacre, dictators in north Africa like Kadaffi in Libya)
- COT: Change b/c Mandela was the first black South African President and represents the end of Aparthied (racial segregation) that started in the early 20th century.
