Chapter 24: Africa, Southwest Asia, And Western Imperialism, 1800-1914

Question 1

Lopsided World

Answer 1

1. 18th-20th Century C.E., Worldwide
2. The gap between industrializing and non-industrializing regions and the gap in average income.
3. British domination of the rise in average income and a gap between the 1st and 3rd worlds in the standard of living.
4. A world of global inequality in the standard of living and economic growth such as food, clothing, health, education, and life expectancy.
5. CC: Cannot be compared to anything because it was a global event in which all regions played a role.
6. COT: The global inequality slowly got smaller in the mid-late 20th cen. as adopting industrialism elsewhere and world trade gave 3rd world countries a chance to improve economically.

Question 2

The Great Migration

Answer 2

1. 19th-20th Century C.E., Worldwide
2. Europe’s over-population caused migration to North and Latin America; also, since many lower-class people in Europe had not received equal political and economic rights by early 1800s, many of them sought those rights elsewhere
3. European migration caused by revolt and independence, Asian migration for labor.
4. Migration chain- leaders would migrate and others would follow.
5. CC: Compare: Other famous migrations in history, including the Diaspora of Jews circa 5th cen. B.C.E. into Europe, and the Bantu migration from West Africa to Southeast Africa, and Polynesians into different islands in the Pacific. Since this event was happening worldwide there is nothing this can be compared to during the time period.
   Contrast: to the migration of Africans in the slave trade because the slave trade was forced and the Great Migration was voluntary.
6. COT: The Great Migration changed as it slowed when political and social reforms were given.

Question 3

Muhammad Ali

Answer 3

1. 18th-19th Century C.E., ruler of Egypt
2. Ali established a modernized, independent state.
3. Ali encouraged commercial agriculture and modernization.
4. The Ottomans could not prevent Ali from establishing an independent state and the western modernization attracted Europeans to Egypt.
5. CC: Compare with Selim III of the Ottomans (18th Century) because he also introduced European reforms; contrast with Russian tsars like Alex III (late 19th Century) who reversed the reforms of his father.Or a contemporary example, Kemmal Ataturk who brought the new nation of turkey into existence.
6. COT:Ali’s independent state continued in that it became increasingly modern and influenced by Europeans.

Question 4

Berlin Conference

Answer 4

1. Late 19th century C.E., occurs in Berlin, Germany, but affects all of Africa
2. Established that Europeans must have effective occupation (They had to have militaries, beurocrats there) to control African territory and it coincided with Germany’s new role as an imperial rule.
3. The basic rules for control of Africa.
4. Established the rule that Europeans must have effective occupation (They must have European military or gov’t officials there)
5. CC: Contrast: The ideas of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani in that both tried to limit or abolish European influence in 19th cen, while the Berlin Conference had the intent of establishing it.
   Contrast: The Berlin Conference resulted in direct control over parts of Africa, while Europeans never gained full control over the Ottoman Empire or China; Europeans only had some influence over them.
6. COT: The rules of the Berlin Conference continued in that they changed in that it kept the Europeans out of Africa for only a short period of time.

Question 5

Causes of the New Imperialism

Answer 5

1. 19th Century C.E., The West
2. Industrialization, colonial rivalries, and social tensions caused the new imperialism.
3. There was rapid industrialization in France, Germany, and the U.S. and the British started to loose their industrial leadership.
4. Quine- a technological advancement that caused new imperialism which controlled malaria.
5. CC: Compare: The economic and social reforms in Egypt, Meiji restoration which was where Japan started there imperialist endeavors for raw materials Japan lacked.
   Contrast: The lack of reforms in the Great Migration in Europe.
6. COT: The causes of new imperialism continued to multiply until the new imperialism was achieved.

Question 6

White Man’s Burden

Answer 6

1. 19th Century C.E., Britain
2. Explained that the Whites should take action to civilize and better the native people.
3. Written by Rudyard Kipling, one of the most influential British writers.
4. A poem that encouraged Whites to “improve” weaker nations.
5. CC: Compare to anyone who supported European imperialism and superiority such as European’s living in and reforming Egypt during after Ismael, Cecil Rhodes, etc. Contrast with anti-imperialsists such as Joseph Conrad (wrote “Heart of Darkness”) and Edward Morel (wrote “Black Man’s Burden”)
6. COT: The White Man’s Burden continued to encourage Whites to take control and “improve” weaker nations.

Question 7

Decline of Ottoman Empire

Answer 7

1. 18th-19th Century C.E., Ottoman Empire
2. The empire declined gradually and was caused by constant uprisings and territorial losses. The French and British supported the Ottoman Empire to prevent a strengthened Russian Empire.
3. The Ottoman’s decline changed rapidly and partially recovered until World War I but the Empire was still know as the “sick man of Europe” up until and during WW1.
4. Janissary Corps- Ottoman sultan’s slave army.
5. Tanzimat- reforms of Ottoman Empire to recover the empire.
6. CC: Compare/contrast to the British reform and occupation of Egypt or the decline of the U.S.S.R. in the late 20th.
7. COT: The decline of the Ottoman Empire changed in that it started to improve and recover with the Tanzimat, but it officially collapsed at the end World War I.

Question 8

Traditionalists Versus Modernists

Answer 8

1. 19th Century C.E., Africa and Asia
2. Traditionalists wanted to stay with their traditional culture and were against imperialists.
   Modernists approved of Western impact and wanted to reform their country.
3. Modernists and traditionalists generally accepted European governing.
4. There were tensions between modernists and traditionalists.
5. CC: Compare: Traditionalists to Western critics of imperialism.
   Compare: Modernists to the reforms and modernization of Muhammad Ali.
   Contrast: Traditionalists to Muhammad Ali and Modernists to Western critics of imperialism/contrast to conservatives and radicals.
6. COT: Traditionalists and Modernists continued in that they were present throughout western imperialism.

Question 9

Critics of Imperialism

Answer 9

1. 19th-20th Century C.E., Europe
2. The western critics often did not live up to their own ideals because the people involved didn’t always cooperate and once they tried modernizing the ran into problems.
3. The western critics were Hobson and Conrad.
4. Hobson influenced Lenin and emphasized the need for domestic reform and to reduce the gap between rich and poor.
5. Conrad believed that the Europeans were selfish for trying to “civilize” Africans, wrote “Heart of Darkness”
6. CC: Compare: The ideas of the African and Asian traditionalist in that both were against modernization
   Contrast: The ideas of the African and Asian modernists in that the Western critics opposed modernization.
7. COT: The critics of imperialism continued to be a minority among most Europeans and many of the critics remained hypocrites to their own ideas.

Question 10

Mahmud II

Answer 10

1. 19th Century C.E., Ottoman Empire
2. Mahmud II was focussed on reform and ordered his janissaries to drill in the European way, however, they revolted.
3. Mahmud II built his janissary corps cautiously and was reform-minded.
4. Janissary corps- Ottoman sultan’s slave army.
5. CC: Compare: Meiji oligarchs (Japan) and Sun yet sen and Chinese people who went with the self strengthening movement, Muhammad Ali and Ismael and Egypt.
   Contrast: Muhammed Ali’s strengthened rule without janissary revolts.
6. The rule of Mahmud II was replaced by Muhammad Ali.

Question 11

Selim III

Answer 11

1. 18th-19th Century C.E., Ottoman Empire
2. Tried to reorganize the army and was killed in a palace revolution.
3. The janissaries refused to use Christian methods and revolted.
4. Selim III understood that transforming the army was needed to fight the Europeans.
5. CC: Compare: Janissary revolt during Mahmud II’s rule in that both rulers had janissary revolts.
   Contrast: Muhammed Ali’s strengthened rule without janissary revolts.
6. COT: Selim III’s rule changed in that he was replaced by Mahmud II.

Question 12

Tanzimat Reforms

Answer 12

1. 19th Century C.E., Ottoman Empire
2. The reforms demanded that Muslims, Christians, and Jews would be considered equal and a modernized military.
3. Allowed free trade of foreign goods, slowed slavery, and Western culture was accepted.
4. Tanzimat- reforms in the Ottoman Empire that modeled after Europe.
5. CC: Compare: The reforms of the new western imperialism.
   Contrast: The global inequality of the standard of living and of social structure in the lopsided world.
6. COT: The Tanzimat reforms changed in that they failed to create unity or save the Ottoman Empire.

Question 13

Young Turks

Answer 13

1. 20th Century C.E., Turkey
2. Forced the sultan to start reforms and prepared for a modern Turkey.
3. Failed to stop the anti-Ottoman nationalism.
4. Young Turks- Turkish exiles and army officers who helped prepare for a modern Turkey.
5. CC: Compare: Muhammad Ali’s modernization of Egypt.
   Contrast: African and Asian traditionalists who were against modernization.
6. COT: The Young Turks continued to enforce reforms after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

Question 14

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani

Answer 14

1. 19th Century C.E., Cairo
2. Preached about Islamic religious beliefs, unity of all Muslims, and the overthrow of Muslim rulers.
3. Believed in the defense against Western and Christian aggression.
4. Jamal al-Din al-Afghani was an influential Islamic teacher and writer.
5. CC: Compare: Qasin Amin in that both were against Western ideas and Western aggression.
   Contrast: Muhammad Abduh in that he wanted a flexible and reasonable approach to foreign ideas and Western integration.
6. COT: Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and the other two influential figures mentioned in point 5 above continued to influence the modernization of Egypt.

Question 15

Muhammad Abduh

Answer 15

1. 19th-20th Century C.E., Egypt
2. Believed that Muslims should only follow the earliest Muslim doctrines and to reject the newer doctrines.
3. Abduh’s ideas allowed for social change and the use of foreign ideas.
4. Launched a modern Islamic reform movement.
5. CC: Compare with other mondernizers who accepted Western-style reforms such as Muhhamad Ali and Ismael of Egypt (19th CE), or the Ottomans who supported the Tanzimat reforms, or the Meiji oligarchs in Japan, or Rammohun Roy (founded a western-style college in India), or the Chinese leaders who supported the Self-Strengthening Movement in late 19th century China, or Sun Yat-sen; contrast to tradtionalists such as many Confucian scholar officials in China, or Al-Afgani and Muhammad Abduh, who were both Muslim Arabs arguing for and Islamic revival and ignoring of new European ideas.
   Compare: Muhammad Ali in that both supported European integration.
   Contrast: Qasin Amin and Jamal al-Din al-Afghani in that Amin and al-Afghani both wanted a flexible and reasonable approach to foreign ideas and Western integration.
6. COT: Muhammad Abduh and the other two influential figures mentioned in point 5 above continued to influence the modernization of Egypt.

Question 16

Sokoto Caliphate

Answer 16

1. 19th century, Africa
2. The Sokoto was based on Islamic history and law.
3. Sokoto Was an African State founded by Usuman dan Fodio which gave Sub-Saharan Africa a sophisticated written constitution.
   Usuman dan Fodio, ruler of the Sokoto Empire in West Africa, was the best example of 19th century jihadism in practice; he implement strict Islamic law into his state constitution, ridded it of animistic polytheism, and women became more secluded and vieled.

Question 17

Sayyid Said

Answer 17

1. 19th century, East African coast
2. A strict Muslim ruler who gained control of most of the East African coast (kindom of Oman) by using mecanary tribal armies.
3. Brought in Muslim bureacrats to help with law and order.
4. Increased the use of the slave trade inside Africa as Europeans were making it illegal abroad, because he used them on clove plantations) in east Africa.
5. Traded extensively with India and the Ottoman Empire.
6. CC: Compare to any other state where a religion holds major influence such as in West Africa in the Sokoto Caliphate, or in China, where Confucian-scholars have a large say in gov’t issues; contrast to regions with religious toleration and moderation such as nations of Europe, North America, and India.

Question 18

Jihads

Answer 18

1. Late 19th century,West Africa
2. Religious wars against both animist rulers and Islamic states which seemed “corrupt” (accepting of Western values/Christianity)
3. Muslim scholars and fervent religious leaders arose to wage successful Jihads, especially in sub-Sahara Africa.
4. Usuman dan Fodio, ruler of the Sokoto Empire in West Africa, was the best example of 19th century jihadism in practice; he implement strict Islamic law into his state constitution, ridded it of animistic polytheism, and women became more secluded and vieled.
5. Sayyid Said, the imam (religious leader) of Oman in East Africa also implemented a revival of Islam and brought in Muslim bureacrats to help with law and order (and he can also be an example of the growth of the slave trade inside Africa as Europeans were making it illegal abroad, because he used them on clove plantations)
6. CC: Compare to jihadism, which supported Islam to some of the Confucian scholars who clung to traditional ideas with the western penetration of China; contrast to any modernizer such as Qasmin Amin (and Arab Muslim who accepted some western ideas) or other mondernizers who accepted Western-style reforms such as Muhhamad Ali and Ismael of Egypt (19th CE), or the Ottomans who supported the Tanzimat reforms, or the Meiji oligarchs in Japan, or Rammohun Roy (founded a western-style college in India), or the Chinese leaders who supported the Self-Strengthening Movement in late 19th century China, or Sun Yat-sen.
7. COT: Overall, sub-Saharan societies, espeically in West and East Africa expereienced an increase and intensification of Islamic ideas in the 19th century, even as (and likely to resist) the increasing European Christian influence in Africa during New Imperialism

Question 19

Qasmin Amin

Answer 19

1. Late 19th Century, West Africa
2. Amin was a writer who represented some African’s desire to copy the Western model of European ideas and methods; he was a modernizer, NOT a tradtionalist.
3. Amin argued that superior education adn more equal treatment of women in Europe (and the lack of that in West Africa) had contributed greatly to the Islamic world falling far behind the West.
4. CC: Compare with other mondernizers who accepted Western-style reforms such as Muhhamad Ali and Ismael of Egypt (19th CE), or the Ottomans who supported the Tanzimat reforms, or the Meiji oligarchs in Japan, or Rammohun Roy (founded a western-style college in India), or the Chinese leaders who supported the Self-Strengthening Movement in late 19th century China, or Sun Yat-sen; contrast to tradtionalists such as many Confucian scholar officials in China, or Al-Afgani and Muhammad Abduh, who were both Muslim Arabs arguing for and Islamic revival and ignoring of new European ideas.
5. COT:

Question 20

Decline/abolishment of slavery

Answer 20

1. Early-mid19th century, Africa and the world
2. A broad campaign to abolish slavery developed in Britain and the decline of the Atlantic slave trade begin in the early 1800s
3. Campaign grew into one of the first peaceful mass political movements based on the mobilization of public opinion in British history.
4. Grew out of the Enlightenment ideas that all people had certain natural rights, among which were life and liberty; also, slavery was a good labor system for the plantation agriculture of Old Imperialism (16th-17th centuries) but did not work well with the Industrial Revolution, where workers needed a paycheck so that they could buy the things they made.
5. CC: Other European nations followed the British example (French declared slavery illegal during the French Revolution), US emancipated slaves during Lincoln’s Civil War (1860s), Ottoman Empire ended slavery with the Tanzimat Reforms, and India ended slavery once the British took control in the 19th century. However, contrast becasue, although slavery from Africa to other places in the world decreased in the 19th century, the internal trade of slaves in Africa continued and actually saw a slight rise (the king of Dahomey in West Africa created a royal monopoly on slavery and prospered and Yorubu warlords in Nigerai used slaves to harvest palm oil to meet Europe’s industrial demands)