Chapter 15: The Acceleration of Global Contact

Question 1

Motives for European Exploration

Answer 1

1. Mid-1400s to mid-1700s in the Pacific.
2. a. To establish efficient water routes to the Asian market to avoid the land routes through Muslim-controlled areas( and the taxes charged by the Muslims).
   b. to find land to cultivate cash crops and gain wealth
   c. To spread Christianity.
   d. To gain political status.
3. COT: continued to
4. CC: Contrast to China’s xenophobia; Zheng He’s ships withrawn and burned

Question 2

The Colombian Exchange (5)

Answer 2

1. Mid-1400s to mid-1700s; the Americas
2. a) Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases caused by the Spanish and Portuguese immigrants’ desire for a familiar diet. To America came wheat, grapes, olives, bananas and grasses; to Europe came maize, beans, pumpkins, avocados, tomatoes and white potatoes. Additionally, horses, goats, chickens, cattle, sheep, and llamas were introduced to the Amerindian people (helped improve transportation)
   b) Diseases killed off Native Americans in the America’s
   c) Introduction of new food products resulted in an increased population
   d) Africans who were forced to migrate to the Americas took away land and forced native populations to migrate.
3. COT: continued to
4. CC: Compare to Indian Ocean Trade (6th-15th) because ideas, goods, and people moved throughout the trade.

Question 3

Atlantic Slave Trade (4)

Answer 3

1. Mid-1400s to mid-1700s; Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
2. a) Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas(triangle trade) involving slaves caused by the need for cheap labor on plantations and the mines in the New World.
   b) Slaves were sent to the Caribbean to work on sugar plantations, to central America and Peru to work in silver mines, and to North America to work on plantations cultivating cash crops such as cotton and tobacco.
   c) Was destroyed by capitalism since expenses spent on the health of the slave hindered economic progress of the master. (went against capitalism)
3. COT: continued to ruin African societies and continued to supply Americans with cheap work force
4. CC: Contrast to slave trades within Middle East and Africa because, whereas the Atlantic Slave Trade depopulated a massive area of huge African popuulations into a race-based slavery that they couldn’t get out of, slave trades within the Middle East and Africa were less destructive to the population and slavery was escapable.

Question 4

Bride Wealth (4)

Answer 4

1. Southeast Asia
2. Groom paid the bride’s family and the sum of money remained under her control, which was due to their large economic role harvesting and planting rice.
3. CC: Contrast to Europe, China, and India’s dowry where bride’s family offered money to the groom’s
4. COT: Change, daughter’s value increased since more daughters meant monetary gain.

Question 5

Closing of Japan (3)

Answer 5

1. Early 1600s; Japan
2. The Japanese Government believed that the Christian missionaries were the root of civil disorder so the government expelled the Spanish and Portuguese and isolated themselves from foreign influence; however, they received aid from the Dutch.
3. Decrees were made at the Port of Nagasaki in 1635, which was a center of Christianity.
4. COMPARE: China closing trade ports. CONTRAST: Europe kept trading ports open to everyone
5. COT: continued to unify Japan by keeping out foriegn ideology
   Changed Chinese economy

Question 6

Silver and its effects around the globe (5)

Answer 6

1. 15th-16th centuries; across the globe
2. a) Silver Mining in the Americas, especially Potosi, required a large labor supply which the natives where forced into.
   b) In the 16th century, Spain experienced inflation as large amounts of silverr flooded the country and therefore made prices go up and the value of silver go down
   c) Inflation spread to all of Europe
3. COT: Continuity: China continued to experience inflationary problems with money (paper inflation) from Song to Ming, forced them to change to silver, which began to inflate when the Spanish began bringing it to China in the 1600s for porcelain and tea.
4. CC: Compare to China which only accepted silver as a payment method for its goods and experienced silver inflation during the Ming dynasty, ruining its economy.

Question 7

Technology of European Exploration

Answer 7

1. Mid-1400s to mid-1600s in Europe and Asia
2. a. Lanteen sails allowed ships to sail in any direction
   b. astrolabe was used by sailors to determine latitude
   c. Caravels were faster than older ships
   d. Inventions borrowed from the Chinese include the magnetic compass and the sternpost rudder which improved navigation.
3. CC:
4. COT: continued to
   Changed in

Question 8

Famous European Explorers (6)

Answer 8

1. Mid-1400s to mid-1600s
2. Bartholomew Diaz- a Portuguese explorer, rounded the Cape of Good Hope on southern tip of Africa and stopped at the Indian ocean in the 15th century.
3. Vasco De Gama- from Portugal rounded to Cape of Good Hope in 1497 and continued his voyage up the eastern coast of Africa eventually making his way to India; this sea route gave Europeans access to the Asian spice market without having to cross the traditional land routes controlled by Muslims.
4. Christopher Columbus- discovered the New World accidentally by traveling In search for a western water route to Asia.
5. Hernando Cortes- a conquistador, took Montezuma, the Aztec ruler, as hostage which led to the fall of the Aztec empire in the 16th century.
6. Prince Henry (Portugal)- the Navigator supported the study of geography and navigation and the annual expeditions he western coast of Africa
7. COT: continued to bring their cultural ideas to new places and bring back new commodoties
8. CC: Compare to Zheng He

Question 9

Ferdinand Magellan and de Legazpi (3)

Answer 9

1. 16th century; Philippines
2. a) Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer, discovered the Philippines and established a spice trade.
   b) de Legazpi: Spanish navigator who established a number of colonies in the Philippines
3. COT: continued to
4. CC: Comparable to other European explorers and Zheng He (But Zheng He never created colonies)

Question 10

Zheng He (5)

Answer 10

1. Early 15th century CE; China
2. a) Muslim eunuch who was chosen by the emperor Yongle to lead seven voyages to pursue the emperor’s political and commercial goals.
   b) Voyages also used to collect pledges of loyalty from China’s tributary states.
   c) Carried porcelain, silk, and other other luxury gifts to be exchanged which was why it was called the “treasure fleet”.
   d) Traveled as far west as Egypt.
3. COMPARES : Christopher Columbus - both were explorers & had political & commercial goals
4. COT: continued to gain money and support for China
   Changed China’s economic and political standing in the world

Question 11

Malacca (3)

Answer 11

1. Mid-1400s to mid-1600s; Southeast Asia
2. a) Accepted Islam and trade was controlled by Muslims
   merchants in the 13th century
   b) became the commercial entrepot of the Indian ocean. From China came porcelain and silk; from the Moluccas came sappanwood and sandalwood; pepper and cloves from the Philippines; and cotton, incense, and dyes from India.
3. COT: continued to accept Islam changed in
4. CC: Compare to Antwerp in Netherlands (Europe)

Question 12

Bartolome de Las Casas (4)

Answer 12

1. 15th-16th century; New World
2. A Franciscan missionary and social reformer who believed that European treatment of the Americas’ indigenous peoples was atrocious and murderous
3. COT: continued to
   Changed in
4. CC: Impossible to compare to anyone because Europe was the only continent sending out explorers to conquer other lands. No other region would have had any opposers to foreign conquest because no other region was participating in foreign conquest.
   Compare to other religious leaders with political influence, such as any Confucian scholar in the Ming or Qing dynasties; Muslim jurists of the Ottoman Empire

Question 13

Catholic Missionaries in East Asia (7)

Answer 13

1. mid 18th century C.E.; China and Japan
2. Francis Xavier–16th cen. Spanish Jesuit missionary, spread Catholicism to India and East Asia (Japan).
3. Mateo Ricci–16th cen. Italian Jesuit missionary, spread Catholicism to China
4. Rites Controversy–In the 18th century the Chinese emperor forbade Christianity and expelled the missionaries after there were rebellions of Chinese Christians, and created the Canton System, in which Europeans could only trade in one port with certain Chinese families.
5. After rebellions by Christian Japanese in the 17th century, the Japanese government issued a decree which forbade contact with Western ideas (Closed Door Policy) and only allowed the Dutch to trade in one port
6. CC: Compare to Jesuits or Jews being persecuted in Europe in the late 1700s by European monarchs
   Compare to Sunnis persecuted in the Safavid Empire
   Contrast to religious toleration and opnness in Mugal Empire under Akbar
7. COT: Change: Minimal European influence in China or Japan before Closed Door Policy, and after there was none. Continuity: By dispelling Christianity, the Chinese was able to remain strongly Confucian in their beliefs.

Question 14

Effects of European influence on the Aztecs (6)

Answer 14

1. 16th C.E.; Modern-day Mexico
2. Cortes executed Montezuma (Aztec ruler) in retaliation for a revolt that killed many Spaniards.
3. The Spaniards defeated the Aztec army at Otumba.
4. Conquistadors destroyed Aztec pagan, polytheistic belief system (Huitzilopochtil–war god) and replaced it with Christianity; destruction of Aztec culture.
5. Aztecs eventually wiped out entirely from European warfare and disease.
6. CC: Comparable to European’s effect on Natives all over the globe, including North America, India, and Africa.
7. COT: changed course of history by wiping out an intire civilatazion Spanish continued to attack new world natives

Question 15

Effects of European influence on the Incas (4)

Answer 15

1. 16th C.E.; Modern-day Peru
2. Pizarro (Spanish conquistador) kidnapped Atahualpa(Incan ruler) for gold and then executed the new emperor.
3. The Incas resisted Spanish control, but by the 1570s the Spanish imposed full control and the Incas, like the Aztecs, were eventually wiped out entirely through European warfar and disease.
4. CC: Comparable to European’s effect on Natives all over the globe, including North America, India, and Africa.
5. COT: changed course of history by wiping out an intire civilatazion Spanish continued to attack new world natives

Question 16

Dutch West India Company (2)

Answer 16

1. 16th century; the Americas
2. Founded in 1621, the Dutch West India Company transported African slaves to Brazil and the Carribean
3. Demonstrates private trading monopolies with investors being granted the right to trade abroad by the monarch and use force
4. CC: Compare to Dutch East India Company, not really comparable to anything else
5. COT: continued to
   Changed in

Question 17

Zhengtong (4)

Answer 17

1. 15th century Chinese emperor who opposed foreign expeditions
2. Stopped maritime expeditions, closed China’s borders,and forbade foreign travel to conserve resources for the army
3. CC: Compare to Japan’s Closed Door Policy
4. HINT: Zhengtong rhymes with Ding Dong and reminds of a closed door that represents China
5. COT: Changed Chinese economy because Chinese had been exploring the seas from 1401-1421 and by closing ports (which continued to remain closed until 20th century), their economy became entirely domestic

Question 18

Maylay Peninsula (4)

Answer 18

1. late 13th century; Southeast Asia
2. The Malay Peninsula was a trading port established by Muslim merchants.
3. Srivijaya–Southeast Asian society with Buddhism-influenced culture, trade relations with China, India, and Arabia, lasting until the 13th cen.
4. CC: Compare to Hanseatic League of German and Dutch states, which in which trade was freer and more equal
   Contrast to states that use tributary systems to participate in trade, such as China and the Aztecs
5. COT:

Question 19

Reorganization of New World Colonies (7)

Answer 19

1. 16th century C.E.; the Americas
2. The Spanish crown divided Spain’s New World territories into four viceroyalties (administrative divisions); New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata
3. Corregidores (Local officials) held judicial and military powers.
4. A viceroy, or imperial governer, had broad military and civil authority as the Spanish direct representative.
5. Audiencia–presided over by viceroy, the twelve to fifteen judges who served as an advisory council and as the highest judicial body
6. Quinto–One-fifth of all precious metals mined in the Americas that the crown claimed as its own,
7. Encomienda System–Spanish system whereby Crown granted the conquerors the right to employ groups of Amerindians in a town or area as agricultural or mining laborers or as tribute payers; disguised form of slavery
8. COT: countries all over the world continued to make colonies for economic gain; changed when colonies started to revolt and seek idependence
9. CC: No other region can be compared to Europe because the Europeans are the only ones in the world conquering and reorganizing vast amounts of land

Question 20

Cash Crops (Sugar, Cotton, Tobacco)

Answer 20

1. Mid-1400s to mid-1600s
2. Cash crops were luxuries with a high demand due to population increases and monetary expansion that occured because of European exploration after Columbus
3. Farmed by slave labor on plantations in Brazil, on islands off the coast of Africa, and the Caribbean
4. COT: continued to use slavery to farm and produce it; changed when slavery stopped and made less money because some money had to pay off workers
5. CC: No other region can be compared to Europeans’ use of cash crops becauseonly Europeans are conquering vast amounts of land to grow “cash crops” for wealth.