Chapter 14: Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation, 1350-1600 CE

Question 1

The values and events of the Renaissance

Answer 1

1. Italy
2. 14th-16th century CE
3. Three main ideas:
   
   1. Humanism- The critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of realizing human potential.
   2. Individualism- The emphasis on personality, uniquness, genius, and self conciousness. EX: Da Vinci.
   3. Secularism- An attitude that tends to find the ultimate explanation of everything in what reason and the senses can discover. EX: The Prince.
4. The Renaissance was the rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity starting with Petrarch
5. First appeared in Florence and spread throughout Italy.
6. CC:
7. COT: Changed from a previous highly religious society to a more secular society.

Question 2

Machiavelli and the Prince

Answer 2

1. Early 16th century CE
2. Florence, Italy
3. Treatise that’s subject was ways to gain, keep, and expand influence/authority.
4. Best example of Secularism
5. CC: Compare to Sun-Tzu’s art of war (China 3rd cent. B.C.E.)
6. COT:

Question 3

Northern/Christian vs. Italian Humanists

Answer 3

1. Late 1400’s
2. Northern Christian=Northern European immigrants in Italy
3. Northern humanists interpreted Italian ideas regarding classical antiquity, individualism, and humanism in terms of their own traditions.
4. Northern humanists developed a program for broad social reform based on Christian ideals.
5. Believed t corruption did not stem from the individual, but from social institutions.
6. Believed in improvement through education.

Question 4

Thomas More and his Utopia

Answer 4

1. Lived 1478-1535
2. Humanist Englishman who published the book Utopia. (1516)
3. Utopia spoke of an ideal community on an island somewhere off the new world.
4. Utopia spoke of education for all and learning doesn’t end with maturity.
5. Believed that society’s problems stemmed from failed institutions.

Question 5

Renaissance Artists

Answer 5

1. 15th-16th century C.E.
2. Italy
3. Portraits were more realistic and demonstrated human ideals (revival of classic art)
4. Artists
   
   1. Michelangelo- Sistine Chapel, St. Peter’s Basilica, Moses, Pieta, David.
   2. Da Vinci- Mona Lisa, The Last Supper.
   3. Rafael- Papal Apartments.
   4. Botticelli- The Birth of Venus.
   5. Donatello- David.
   6. Brunelleschi- Cathedral of Florence.
5. Wealthy individuals would provide financial support to artists (patrons)
6. COT: A change from medieval art, which was religious and not realistic, and after Renaissance, a change to Baroque art( Bernini’s Fountain of the Four Rivers).

Question 6

“Debate about women”

Answer 6

1. 14th century C.E.
2. Men debated about women’s character and nature from the last centuries.
3. Most men played misogny against women for religious values while others defended women’s rights.
4. This debate later influenced female rulers. Ex: Queen Elizabeth I of England. However, men were viewed as dominant in society.

Question 7

Charles VII

Answer 7

1. 15th century C.E.
2. Revived the monarchy in France, reorganized royal council, and influence middle class men.
3. Strengthened royal finances by taxes of salt and land due the Hundred Years War.
4. The taxes established regular companies of calvary and archers which created the first permanent royal army.

Question 8

Louis XI

Answer 8

1. 1461-1483 C.E.
2. Improved upon Charles VII’s army and used it to stop the aristocratic brigandage for urban independence and conquered remaining noble holding on France’s borders.
3. Insituted tax reforms and allowed enterprising nobles to engage in trade without damaging their status.
4. Developed a system of royal postal roads.

Question 9

War of the Roses

Answer 9

1. 15th century C.E.
2. Series of dyanastic wars of the throne of England between two rival branches: the royal House of Plantagenet, and the houses of Lancaster and York.
3. The final victory went to the Lancastrian leader and deafeated to Yorkist king.

Question 10

Henry VII

Answer 10

1. 1500s C.E.
2. Worked to restore world prestige, crushed the authority of nobles, and to establish law at the local level.
3. Conducted foreign policy on the basis of diplomacy, and avoided expensive wars.
4. Henry rebuilt the monarchy by encouraging an industrial economy.

Question 11

Ferdinand and Isabella

Answer 11

1. late 1400’s
2. Were the monarchs of Spain.
3. Curbed the influence of the nobility by only allowing middle class men into the royal coluncil and excluding people from traditional aristocratic families.
4. In 1492 the Spanish conquered Grenada; the last Arab held territory in southern Spain.
5. Established an inquisition to search out “traitors” of the christian church, targeting Jews and new converts to Christianity.
6. Shortly after the conquest of Grenada issued an edict expelling an excess of 200,000 Jews from the country.

Question 12

The Habsburgs

Answer 12

1. 1526-1804 CE
2. Majority in Austria, also in parts of Spain and the Netherlands. Lived in German city states.
3. Fredrick III was the Holy Roman Emporer and was a Habsburg.
   
   1. He married Elanore of Portugal.
4. Maximilian (Fredrick III’s son) married in order to obtain the Netherlands, Burgundy, and Luxembourg.
5. Charles V.

Question 13

Charles V

Answer 13

1. 1500-1558 C.E.
2. Heir to the Spanish New World Empire.
3. In 1525 Francis I of France and Suleiman struck an alliance in the hope that only their collaberation could Habsburg hegemony in Europe.
4. Charles V the Habsburg emperor retaliated by seeking an alliance with Safavid.

Question 14

The values and events of the Protestant Reformation

Answer 14

1. early 16th century CE, Central Europe
2. Rejected the institutionalization of the Ctholic Church
3. Emphasized individual salvation by grace through faith alone
4. Authority rests in the Bible alone
5. The church is a “spiritual priesthood of all believers”, where there is no church hierarchy
6. Marriage was accepted and encouraged, and divorce was accepted when partners were incompatible and in cases of adultery
7. German princes used Protestantism (most were Lutheran) to cloak their political aspiration for independence

Question 15

Martin Luther

Answer 15

1. 16^th century C.E.
2. Many peole demonstrated a wide spread of anticlericalism due to clerical immorality, ignorance, and absenteeism.
3. Many clerks held many benegices (offices) simultaneously–a practice called pluralism.
4. Luther was severely troubled because of the indulgences created by the Catholic Church so he wrote the “Ninty-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences”.
5. Luther was ordered to come to Rome by the pope the recant many of his ideas. Luther publically burned the papal letter. Charles V summoned Luther to appear before the Diet of Worms.
   6.

Question 16

Anabaptists

Answer 16

1. 16th century CE, Switzerland
2. Believed that only adults could make free choices about religious faith, baptism, and entry into the Christian community
3. Rebaptized believers who were baptized as children
4. Took the Gospel and Luther’s teachings literallyand favored a return to the church that had existed among the earliest Christians–a voluntary association of believers who had experienced the inner light
5. Believed in the seperation of church and state and in religious tolerance
6. Each Anabaptist community or church was independent, admitted women to the ministry, and believed in pacifism

Question 17

The German Peasants’ War

Answer 17

1. 1525
2. Holy Roman Empire
3. A revolt of the peasants against new taxes and services noble landlords were imposing.
4. Over 75,000 peasants killed
5. Led to the moderate improvement of peasants economic conditions.

Question 18

Peace of Augsburg

Answer 18

1. 1555 C.E.
2. Officially recognized Lutheranism and gave each prince permission to determine the religion of his territory.
3. Most of northern and central Germany became Lutheran. The south remained Roman Catholic.
4. Ended religious war in Germany.

Question 19

Henry VIII

Answer 19

1. 16th century C.E.
2. Wanted to divorce his wife and wanted to marry another woman so he petitioned Pope Clement VII for an annulment of marriage. The pope refused the annulment so Henry VII decided to removed the English Church from papal authority.
3. Henry used Parliament to legal the formation in England to make himself supreme head of the Church of England.

Question 20

Calvinism

Answer 20

1. 16th century C.E.
2. Geneva
3. John Calvin published the institute of the Christian religion, which believed in the absolute omnipotense of God and the absolute weakness of humanity.
4. Predestination- a belief that some people are guided to salvation and others to damnation and that God called us according to his purpose and the grace.
5. Transformed Geneva to a high moral standard through the rule of the Genevian Consistory.
6. Was the model for French Huguenots, Scotland Presbyterian Church, and English Puritan Church.
   7.

Question 21

The Catholic Counterreformation

Answer 21

1. 1545–1563
2. The Counter-Reformation was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent and ending at the close of the Thirty Years’ War (1648), and was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation.
3. The Counter-Reformation was composed of ecclesiastical/structural reconfiguration, religious orders, spiritual movements, and political dimensions.

Question 22

Catholic Monastic Orders during the Protestant Reformation

Question 23

Habsburg-Valois Wars

Answer 23

1. 16th century C.E.
2. A series of wars between the city-states of Italy; the papal states and most major states of Western Europe.
3. The wars rapidly became a struggle for authority and territory which allowed for alliances, counter-alliances and betrayals.

Question 24

Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Answer 24

1. 1572 C.E.
2. The marriage of Marget Valois to Protestant Henry of Navarre intended to help reconcile Catholics and Huguenots.
3. Catholic attack on Calvinists in Paris.
4. Religious violence led to civil war that dragged for 15 years.
5. Henry converted to Catholicism and issued Edict of Nantes which granted liberty of public worship to Huguenots.

Question 25

Elizabeth I

Answer 25

1. r. 1558-1603 C.E. (lived 1533-1603 C.E.)
2. England
3. Became the Supreme governor of the Church of England when she chose the middle course between Catholic and Puritan extremes.
4. She did not interfere with the privately held beliefs of her subjects.

Question 26

Phillip II

Answer 26

1. 1556
2. Charles V transferred authority to Phillip II.
3. In the 1560s Spanish authorities attempted to suppress Calvinists worship and raised taxes which caused riots and a wave of iconoclasm.
4. Phillip II sent 20,000 troops.
5. For 10 years, civil war raged in the Netherlands between Catholics, Protestants and the 17 provinces of Spain.
6. Spanish Netherlands (future Belgium) came under control of the Spanish Habsburg forces.
7. Union of Utrecht (1579), led to the 7 northern provinces to declare their independence of Spain whivh led Phillip II to continue the war.
8. Hositlities ended in 1609. Spain agreeed to recognize the united provinces.

Question 27

Revolt of the Netherlands

Answer 27

1. 1568- 1648 C.E.
2. The revolt against the Roman Catholic King Phillip II of Spain spread his religion across Spain.
3. The Union of Utrecht in 1576 was a treaty that unified the northern provinces of the Netherland under the control of Spain which was not recognized until 1609.

Question 28

Witch-Hunts

Answer 28

1. 1500s
2. Religious wars created the philosophical reasoning that witches that were sent from the devil. Both Protestants and catholics worked together to capture and execute witches.
3. Most witches captured and killed were mainly women (demonstrating an act of misogny) which were accused of harmful actions.

Question 29

Decentralization in Italy

Answer 29

1. 6th-18th century CE
2. Italy
3. In 15th century CE, the five majors states were Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal states, and Naples.
4. Were ruled by signori, who were single men
5. City states failed to form some type of a federal system, which, in turn, meant no foreign policy. This led to the subjugation of Italy by outside invaders. Italy did not achieve unification until 1870.