Chapter 32 - Fetal Environment and Maternal Complications Flashcards
Placental abruption
Abruption placentae
Cyst found within the umbilical cord
Allanotic cyst
The amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus; the sum of four quadrant measurements of amniotic fluid
Amniotic Fluid index
Diffuse edema
Anasarca
Placenta that consists of two equal discs of equal size
Bilobed placenta
Method of fetal monitoring with sonography to produce a numerical scoring system that predicts fetal well-being
Biophysical profile
The stage of the conceptus that implants within the decidualized endometrium
Blastocyst
The placement of sutures within the cervix to keep it closed
Cerclage
The painless dilation of the cervix in the second or early third trimester
Cervical incompetence
A benign placental tumor
Chorionagioma
The part of the chorion, covered by chorionic villi, that is the fetal contribution of the placenta
Chorion Frondosum
Fingerlike projections of gestational tissue that attach to the decidualized endometrium and allow the transfer of nutrients from the mother to the fetus
Chorionic Villi
An abnormally shaped placenta caused by the membranes inserting inward from the edge of the placenta, producing a curled-up placental shape
Circumvallate placenta
Groups or lobes of chorionic villi
Cotyledons
A mass consisting of abnormal bronchial and lung tissue that develops within the fetal chest
Cystic adenomatoid malformation
The endometrial tissue at the implantation site, and the maternal contribution of the placenta
Decidua basillis
Condition in which there is an incompatibility between the fetal an maternal red blood cells
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
The fetal weight based on sonographic measurements
Estimated fetal weight r
Total blood loss; to bleed out
Exsanguination
The result of the premature opening of the internal os and the subsequent bulging of the membranes into the dilated cervix
Funneling (cervical)
Fetal hydrops caused by Rh incompatibility
Immune hydros
Term used for isthmus during pregnancy
Lower uterine segment
A fetus that is below the 10th percentile for gestational age (small for gestational age) and whose growth is impeded for some reason
Intrauterine growth restriction
An estimated fetal weight of greater than the 90th percentile or the neonate that measures more than 4,500g
Macrosomia
Abnormal cord insertion at the edge of the placenta
Marginal Cord insertion
Fetal stool that is composed of fetal skin, hair, amniotic fluid, and bile
Meconium
A rare disorder in which the mother suffers from edema and fluid buildup similar to her hyrdropic fetus
mirror syndrome
First 28 days of life
Neonatal period
A group of developmental abnormalities that involve the brain and spine
Neural tube defects
Fetal hydrops caused by congenital fetal anomalies and infections
Nonimmune hydros
Condition of having the umbilical cord wrapped completely around the fetal neck
Nuchal cord
The vertical groove seen between the upper lip and the nasal septum
Philtrum
The abnormal adherence of the placenta to the myometrium in an area where the decidua is either absent or minimal
Placenta Accrete
Invasion of the placenta within the myometrium
Placenta Increta
Penetration of the placenta through the uterine serosa and possibly into adjacent pelvic organs
Placenta Percreta
When the placenta covers or nearly covers the internal os of the cervix
Placenta Previa
Enlargement of the placenta
Placentamegaly
A lower-than-normal amount of amniotic fluid or the gestational age
Oligohydroamnios
40
An excessive amount of amniotic fluid for the gestational ag
Polyhydroamnios
Time directly after giving birth and extending to about 6 weeks
postpartum
Pregnancy-induced maternal high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine after 20 weeks gestation
Preeclampsia
The rupture of the amniotic sac prior to the onset of labor
Premature rupture of membranes (PROM)
When additional placental tissue remains within the uterus after the bulk of the placenta has been delivere
Retained products of conception
When the shoulder of the fetus cannot pass through the birth canal during pregnancy
Shoulder Dystocia
An accessory lobe of the placenta
Succenturiate lobe
Acronym that stands for toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus
TORCH
Shunting of venous or arterial blood flow from one twin to another through placental circulation
TWIN-TWIN TRANSFUSION SYNDROME
An umbilical cord with one artery and one vein; could possibly be associated with other fetal abnormalities and intrauterine growth restriction
TWO-VESSEL CORD
Two vessels of the umbilical cord that carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta
UMBILICAL ARTERIES
The vessel of the umbilical cord that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus
Umbilical Vein
Focal dilation of the intra-abdominal portion of the umbilical vein
UMBILICAL VEIN VARIX
Fetal vessels resting over the internal os of the cervix
VASA PREVIA
The abnormal insertion of the umbilical cord into the membranes beyond the placenta edge
VELAMENTOUS CORD INSERTION
Pools of maternal blood within the placental substance
VENOUS LAKES
Protective fetal skin covering
vernix
The structure that connects the developing embryo to the secondary yolk sac
vitellijne duct
Gelatinous material that is located within the umbilical cord around the umbilical vessels
Wharton jelly
the ___________, the maternal contribution of the placenta, is the endometrium beneath the developing placenta
decidua basassi
the _____________, the portion derived from the blastocyst and containing the chorionic villi, is the fetal contribution to the placenta
chorion frondsum
the placenta consist approximately 10 to 30 _____, which are groups or lobes of chorionic villi
cotyledons
the placenta produces _____, which maintains the corpus luteum of the ovary
hcG
later in pregnancy, the placenta also produces ________ and ______ taking over the function from the corpus luteum
estrogen and progesterone
the placenta consist of three parts:
-chorionc plate
placental substance
basal layer or basal platw
functions of the placenta:
gas transfer
excretory function
water balance
pH maintenance
hormone production
defensive barrier
________ also referred to as maternal lakes or placental lakes, are pools of maternal blood within the placental substance
venous lakes
a _______ placenta consists of two separate discs of equal size
bilobed
an accessory lobe or a ______________ lobe of the placenta, which are additional smaller lobes located separate from the main segment of the placenta
succenturiate
a __________ placenta is abnormally shaped placenta caused by the membranes inserting inward from the edge of the placenta, producing a curled-up placental contou
circumvallate
a circumvallate placenta may lead to:
vaginal bleeding and placental abruption
vaginal bleeding and placental abruption
4cm
both a thick or large placenta (termed placentomgely) and a thin placenta are associated with:
maternal/ and or fetal abnormalities
sonographic finding of a grade 0 placenta:
uninterrupted chorionic plate and homogenous placental substance
sonographic finding of a grade I placenta:
subtle indentations on the chorionic plate, with some small calcifications within the placental substance
sonographic findings of a grade II placenta:
moderate indentations in the chorionic plate with “comma-like” calcification in the placental substance
sonographic findings of a grade III placenta:
prominent indentation in the chorionic plate that extends to the basal layer with diffuse echogenic and anechoic areas noted within the placental substance
implantation of the placenta may occur within the lower uterine segment. this will often lead to ___________ which is evident when the placenta covers the internal os of the cervix
placenta previa
placenta previa is discovered more often in women with:
a history of multiparity, advanced maternal age, previous abortion, and c-section
possible causes of a thick placenta: (6)
*Diabetes mellitus
*Maternal anemia
*Infection
*Fetal hydrops
*Rh isoimmunization
*Multiple gestation
possible causes of a thin placenta: (6)
Diabetes mellitus (long standing)
*IUGR
*Placental insufficiency
*Polyhydramnios
*Pre-eclampsia
*Small for dates fetus
placenta previa is a common cause of _______________ in the second and third trismesters
painless vaginal bleeding
placenta covers the internal os completely:
complete (total) previa
placenta partially covers the internal os:
partial previa
placenta lies at the edge of the internal os:
marginal previa
placental edge extends into the lower uterine segment but ends more than 2 cm away from the internal os:
low-lying prevue
clinical findings of placenta previa: (3)
- Previous C section or uterine surgery
- Painless vaginal bleeding
- Possibly asymptomatic
the complication of fetal vessels resting over the internal os of the cervix is referred to as:
vasa previa
vasa previa can lead to _________ of the fetus
exsanguination
(severe loss of blood)
vasa previa is often associated with:
velamentous cord insertion
(when a fetus’ umbilical cord abnormally inserts on the edge of the placenta along the chorioamniotic membranes, causing fetal blood vessels to travel unprotected from the placenta until they come together and reach the protection of the umbilical cord)
sonographic findings of vasa previa: (2)
- identification of vessels over the internal os of the cervix with the use of color doppler
- velamentous cord insertion
____________ is the premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus, causing hemorrhage
placental abruption (aka abruptio placentae)
maternal conditions that are linked to the development of placental abruption include: (6)
hypertension, preeclampsia, cocaine use, cigarette smoking, poor nutrition, and trauma
clinical findings of placental abruption: (4)
- abdominal pain
- possible vaginal bleeding
- uterine contraction
- uterine tenderness
sonographic findings of placental abruption:
- hematoma located either at the edge of the placenta or between the placenta and the mypmetrium
____________ the condition that is defined as the abnormal adherence of the placenta to the myometrium in an area where the decidua is either absent or minimal
placenta accrete
adherence of the placenta to the myometrium
loss of normal hypoechoic interface between the placenta and the myometrium:
placenta accrete
invasion of the placenta within the myometrium
loss of normal hypoechoic interface between the placenta and myometrium with invasion into the myometrium:
placenta increta
penetration of the placenta through the serosa and possibly into adjacent organs
loss of normal hypoechoic interface between the placenta and the myometrium with penetration beyond the serosa:
placenta percreta
clinical findings of placenta accreta, increta, and percreta: (3)
- previous C section or uterine surgery
- painless vaginal bleeding if placenta previa is present
- possibly asymptomatic
sonographic findings of placenta accreta, increta, and percreta: (2)
- placenta previa (frequent associated finding)
- loss of normal hypoechoic interface between the placenta and the myometrium
the most common placental tumor- located adjacent to the umbilical cord insertion site at the placenta:
chorioangioma
larger chorioangioma have been associated with: (3)
polyhydramnios, intrauterine growth restrictions (IUGR), and fetal hydrops
clinical findings of a chorioangioma: (1)
- possible elevation in maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein
sonographic findings of a chorioangioma: (1)
- Solid hypoechoic or hyperechoic mass within the placenta
linear bands of scar tissue within the uterus- result of intrauterine adhesions, as seen with asherman syndrome:
uterine synechia(e) (aka amniotic sheets)
sonographic findings of uterine synechia(e): (2)
- linear, echogenic band of tissue traversing the uterine cavity
- the band does not involve fetal parts, and the normal fetus appears to move freely
the umbilical cord is surrounded by what material:
Wharton jelly
the cord develops from the fusion of the _______ and the _____
yolk stalk and vitelline duct
the _________ carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus, enters the fetal abdomen and proceeds cephalad to connect to the left portal vein
umbilical vein
the arteries, once they enter the abdomen, proceed caudal around the bladder to connect to the fetal internal iliac arteries. therefore color doppler can establish that there is a:
three vessel cord (3vc)
fetuses with a ______ have an approximate 20% chance of having additional abnormalities, and a thorough examination of the fetus for other findings is warrante
two-vessel cord
the umbilical cord normally inserts into the _______ portion of the placenta
central
abnormal cord insertion sites are described as either ___________ or ____________
marginal or velamentous
__________ cord insertion is at the edge of the placenta
marginal
___________ cord insertion denotes the insertion of the umbilical cord into the membranes beyond the placental edge
velamentous
umbilical cord encircling the fetal neck is termed:
nuchal cod
allantoic cysts are often found near:
the fetal abdomen
allantoic cysts have been seen in connection with:
omphalocele and aneuploidy
another cystic-appearing mass that may be noted within the abdomen if the fetus, appearing to be adjacent to the umbilical cord, is an:
umbilical vein varix
umbilical vein varix has been associated with: (4)
-fetal aneuploidy (the presence of one or more extra chromosomes or the absence of one or more chromosomes)
-growth restriction
-hydrops
-demise
the most common tumor of the umbilical cord although rare:
hemangiomas of the umbilical cord
sonographic findings of allantoic cysts: (2)
- cystic mass within the umbilical cord
- most often noted close to the fetal abdomen
sonographic findings of hemangiomas of the umbilical cord: (2)
- solid hyperechoic mass within the umbilical cord
- most often noted close to the cord insertion into the placenta
S/D ratio will decrease with advancing gestations… an elevated S/D ratio is associated with:
ncreased placental resistance and an increase in the risk if perinatal mortality and morbidity
absence or reversal of diastolic flow in the umbilical artery is considered irregular and is associated with
an increases incidence of IUGR and oligohydramnios
amniotic fluid functions:
protecting the fetus from trauma, temperature regulation, musculoskeletal maturity, and normal lung and gastrointestinal development
the fetal ____ and ____ produce the majority of amniotic fluid, with ______being the greatest contributor
kidneys
lungs
urine
AFI should measure at least _____ with a normal range between:
2cm-2-8 cm
for measurement of AFI, transducer MUST be be placed:
perpendicular to the floor
an excessive amount of amniotic fluid is termed:
where as a decent amount is termed:
polyhydramnios
oligohydramnios
when oligohydramnios is observed, abnormalities of the _________ should be suspected
urinary system
when polyhydramnios is present, abnormalities of the fetal ______ should be suspected
gastrointestinal
a group of infections that can cross the placenta and influence the development of the fetus:
torch
What does TORCH stand for?
Toxoplasmosis
Other infections
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes
fetal malformation and complications associated with oligohydramnios: (6)
-bilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney disease (MCKD)
-bilateral renal agenesis
-infantile polycystic kidney disease
-intrauterine growth restriction
-posterior urethral valves
-premature rupture of membranes (PROM)
fetal malformations and complications associated with polyhydramnios: (8)
-cardiac and/or chest abnormalities
-duodenal atresia
-esophageal atresia
-gastroschisis
-neural tube defects
-omphalocele
-Rh incompatibility
-twin-twin transfusion syndrome
__________ is listed as the most common congential infection
cytomegalovirus
common sonographic finding of fetal infections (cytomegalovirus), is the presence of:
intracranial calcifications
(heart abnormalities, microphthalmia, microcephaly, ventriculomegaly, and hepatosplenomegaly may be noted as well)
______ virus has also been linked with microcephaly, decreased brain tissue, and limb abnormalities such as club foot
zika
sonographic findings of TORCH: (5)
- Intracranial calcifications
- Microcephaly
- Ventriculomegaly
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- microphthalmia-(small eyes)
the most common cause of intellectual disability in the US:
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
fetuses exposed to alcohol in utero have been shown to have an increase risk for:
growth restriction, mental impairment, physical abnormalities, and immune dysfuction
sonographic findings of fetal alcohol syndrome: (7)
- microcephaly
- dysgenesis of the corpus callosum
- long round philtrum (groove between the base of the nose and the border of the upper lip)
- malformed ears
- microphthalmia
- cleft palate
- heart defects such as ventricular septal defects
suspected causes of symmetric intrauterine growth restriction: (4)
genetic disorders
fetal infections
congenital malformations
syndromes
suspected causes of asymmetric intrauterine growth restriction:
nutritional deficiency
oxygen deficiency
painless dilation of the cervix in the second or early third trimester:
cervical incompetence
_____ of the cervix is a result of the premature opening of the internal os and the subsequent bulging of the membranes into the dilated cervix
funneling
the cervical length should at least measure:
3cm
clinical findings of a cervical incompetence: (3)
. painless dilation of the cervix
2. premature rupture of membranes
3. vaginal bleeding
clinical findings of cervical incompetence: (2)
- cervical leg
- premature rupture of membranes
- vaginal bleedin
sonographic findings of cervical incompetence: (2)
- cervical length of less than 3 cm
- funneling of the cervix
immune hydrops is associated with _________ and _______________
erythroblastosis fetalis and Rh isoimmunization
Occurs when when the mother has Rh-negative blood and the fetus has Rh-positive blood:
maternal Rh sensitization (aka Rh isoimmunization)
these antibodies cross the placenta and begin to destroy the fetal RBCs, resulting in:
tal anemia, enlargement of the fetal liver and spleen, and the accumulation of fluid within the fetal body cavities
the prevention of immune hydrops caused by Rh sensitization is the administration of
RhoGAM (aka Rh immune globulin)
a rare disorder in which the mother suffers from edema and fluid buildup similar to her hydropic fetus:
maternal mirror syndrome
sonographic findings of fetal hydrops: (4)
- fluid accumulation within at least two fetal body cavities
- fetal hepatosplenomegaly
- polyhydramnios
- thickened placenta
causes of nonimmune hydrops: (11)
*Chorioangioma
*Cystic adenomatoid malformation
*Diaphragmatic hernia
*Fetal (nonimmune) anemia
*Fetal infections
*Idiopathic
*Structure anomalies of cardiac & lymphatic systems
*Trisomy 13
*Trisomy 18
*Trisomy 21
*Turner syndrome
hose with an increased risk of preeclampsia include
advanced maternal age, diabetic patients, and those who have gestational trophoblastic diseas
clinical findings of preeclampsia: (3)
- Maternal hypertension
- Maternal edema
- Maternal proteinuria
clinical findings of eclampsia: (3)
- long standing, uncontrolled preeclampsia
- headaches
- seizures
sonographic findings of preeclampsia and eclampsia: (5)
- oligohydramnios
- IUGR
- gestational trophoblastic disease
- placental abruption
- elevated S/D ratio
the major risk for the fetus of a mother with gestational diabetes is _______
macrosomia
the major risk for the fetus of a mother with gestational diabetes is _______
placentomegaly (>4cm), polyhydramnios, and AC measures larger than other measurements
mothers with pregestational diabetes have a higher risk of miscarriage and _________
toxemia
with pregestational diabetes, the fetus is at risk of: (5)
congenital anomalies, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress, perinatal mortality, and IUGR
the congenital anomalies most often encountered with pregestational diabetes include:
cardiac defects, neural tube defects, caudal regression syndrome, sirenomelia, and renal anomalies
a bladder flap hematoma may result from a ________
c-section
clinical findings of bladder flap hematoma: (1)
- recent c section
sonographic findings of bladder flap hematoma: (1)
1.Anechoic or complex mass located between the lower uterine segment and posterior bladder wall
commonly referred to as a fibroid, is a common benign smooth muscle uterine tumor. asymptomatic during pregnancy:
leiomyoma
sonographic findings of a leiomyoma: (4)
- Hypoechoic mass
- Posterior shadowing
- Calcifications or cystic components (degenerating)
- Enlarged, irregularly shaped, diffuse lay heterogenous uterus
excessive and sustained postpartum vaginal bleeding may be the result of:
retained products of conception (RPOC)
(refers to placental and/or fetal tissue that remains in the uterus)
RPOC is typically treated with:
dilatation and curettage (D&C)
clinical findings of retained products of conception: (1)
- postpartum vaginal bleeding
sonographic findings of retained products of conception: (2)
- echogenic intracavitary mass that may contain some calcifications
- color doppler signals within the retained placental tissue
nonimmune hydrops is associated with all of the following except:
a. RH isoimmunization
b. pleural effusion
c. turner syndrome
d. fetal infections
a
the maternal contribution to the placenta is the:
a. chorionic vera
b. decidua vera
c. decidua basalis
d. chorion frondosum
C
the placenta releases _________ to maintain the corpus luteum
a. human chorionic gonadotropin
b. follicle-stimulating hormone
c. luteinizing hormone
d. gonadotropin-stimulating hormone
A
An anechoic mass is noted within the umbilical cord
during a routine sonographic examination. What is
the most likely diagnosis?
a. Hemangioma
b. Vasa previa
c. Chorioangioma
d. Allantoic cyst
A
with Rh isoimmunization, the maternal antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the fetal:
a. spleen
b. RBCs
c. liver
d. WBCs
B
mothers with pregestational diabetes, as opposed to gestational diabetes, have an increased risk of a fetus with:
a. neural tube defects
b. proteinuria
c. TORCH
d. diethylstilbestrol
A
a succenturiate of the placenta refers to a:
a. bilobed placental lobe
b. circumvallate placental lobe
c. accessory lobe
d. circummarginate placental lobe
C
Pools of maternal blood noted within the placental
substance are referred to as:
a. Accessory lobes
b. Decidual casts
c. Chorioangiomas
d. Maternal lakes
D
the fetal contribution of the placenta is the:
a. chorionic vera
b. decidua casts
c. decidua basalis
d. chorion frondosum
D
which of the following would be least likely associated with immune hydrops?
a. fetal hepatomegaly
b. fetal splenomegaly
c. anasarca
d. leiomyoma
D
the placenta is considered too thick when it measures:
a. >4mm
b. >4cm
c. >8mm
d. >3.5cm
B
all of the following are associated with a thin placenta except:
a. preeclampsia
b. IUGR
c. fetal hydrops
d. long-standing diabetes
C
what would be most likely confused for a uterine leiomyoma?
a. placental infarct
b. chorioangioma
c. myometrial contraction
d. placenta previa
C
when the placenta completely covers the internal os, it is referred to as:
a. low-lying previa
b. marginal previa
c. partial previa
d. total previa
D
one of the most common causes of painless vaginal bleeding in the second and third trimesters is:
a. spontaneous abortion
b. abruptio placentae
c. placenta previa
d. placenta accrete
C
all of the following are associated with a thick placenta except:
a. fetal infections
b. Rh isoimmunization
c. placental insufficiency
d. multiple gestations
C
placenta accrete denotes:
a. the abnormal attachment of the placenta to the myometrium
b. the premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
c. the invasion of the placenta into the myometrium
d. the condition of having the fetal vessels rest over the internal os
A
doppler sonography reveals vascular structures coursing over the internal os of the cervix. this findings is indicative of:
a. vasa previa
b. placenta previa
c. placenta increta
d. abruptio placentae
A
all of the following are clinical features of placental abruption except:
a. vaginal bleeding
b. uterine tenderness
c. abdominal pain
d. funneling of the cervix
D
penetration of the placenta beyond the uterine wall would be referred to as:
a. placenta accrete
b. placenta increta
c. placenta previa
d. placenta percreta
D
all of the following are associated with oligohydramnios except:
a. bilateral renal agenesis
b. infantile polycystic kidney disease
c. premature rupture of membranes
d. duodenal atresia
D
the most common placental tumor is the:
a. choriocarcinoma
b. maternal lake
c. chorioangioma
d. allantoic cyst
C
pregnancy-induced maternal high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine after 20 weeks gestation is termed:
a. preeclampsia
b. gestational diabetes
c. eclampsia
d. gestational trophoblastic disease
A
the normal umbilical cord has:
a. one vein and one artery
b. two veins and two arteries
c. two veins and one artery
d. two arteries and one vein
D
insertion of the umbilical cord at the edge of the placenta is referred to as:
a. velamentous cord insertion
b. partial cord insertion
c. marginal cord insertion
d. nuchal cord insertion
C
increased S/D ratio is associated with all of the following except:
a. IUGR
b. placental insufficiency
c. allantoic cysts
d. perinatal mortality
C
a velamentous cord insertion is associated with which of the following?
a. placenta increta
b. placental abruption
c. vasa previa
d. circumvallate placenta
C
the normal umbilical cord insertion point into the placenta is:
a. central
b. superior margin
c. inferior margin
d. laternal margin
A
normally, the S/D ratio:
a. increases with advancing gestation
b. decreases with advancing gestation
c. reverses occasionally during a normal pregnancy
d. has an absent diastolic component
B
Fetal TORCH is frequently associated with:
a. maternal hypertension
b. twin-twin transfusion
c. intracranial calcifications
d. renal cystic disease
C
Evidence of polyhydramnios should warrant a careful investigation of the fetal:
a. genitourinary system
b. gastrointestinal system
c. extremities
d. cerebrovascular system
B
Evidence of polyhydramnios should warrant a careful investigation of the fetal:
a. genitourinary system
b. gastrointestinal system
c. extremities
d. cerebrovascular system
D
IUGR is evident when the EFW is:
a. above the 90th percentile
b. below the 90th percentile
c. above the 10th percentile
d. below the 10th percentile
D
the cervix should measure at least _____ in length
a. 4 cm
b. 5 cm
c. 3 cm
d. 8 mm
C
the abnormal insertion of the umbilical cord into the membranes beyond the placental edge is termed:
a. placenta previa
b. placental abruption
c. marginal insertion
d. velamentous insertion
D
the measurement that should be carefully scrutinized in cases of IUGR is the:
a. AC
b. femur length
c. biparietal diameter
d. head circumference
A
Doppler assessment of the middle cerebral artery:
a. helps to determine whether fetal anorexia is occurring
b. is valuable in diagnosing the extent of ventriculomegly
c. can evaluate the fetus for hypoxia
d. is important to determine whether TORCH complications are present
C
mother will gestational diabetes run the risk of having fetuses that are considered:
a. nutritionally deficient
b. acromegalic
c. microsomic
d. macrosomic
D
which of the following is described as the situation in which the placental edge extends into the lower uterine segment but ends more than 2 cm away from the internal os?
a. low lying placenta
b. marginal previa
c. partial previa
d. total previa
A
which of the following would increase the likelihood of developing placenta previa?
a. vaginal bleeding
b. previous cesarean section
c. corpus albicans
d. chorioangioma
B
