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Penny - OB CH > Chapter 32 - Fetal Environment and Maternal Complications > Flashcards

Chapter 32 - Fetal Environment and Maternal Complications Flashcards

1
Q

Placental abruption

A

Abruption placentae

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2
Q

Cyst found within the umbilical cord

A

Allanotic cyst

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3
Q

The amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus; the sum of four quadrant measurements of amniotic fluid

A

Amniotic Fluid index

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4
Q

Diffuse edema

A

Anasarca

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5
Q

Placenta that consists of two equal discs of equal size

A

Bilobed placenta

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6
Q

Method of fetal monitoring with sonography to produce a numerical scoring system that predicts fetal well-being

A

Biophysical profile

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7
Q

The stage of the conceptus that implants within the decidualized endometrium

A

Blastocyst

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8
Q

The placement of sutures within the cervix to keep it closed

A

Cerclage

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9
Q

The painless dilation of the cervix in the second or early third trimester

A

Cervical incompetence

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10
Q

A benign placental tumor

A

Chorionagioma

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11
Q

The part of the chorion, covered by chorionic villi, that is the fetal contribution of the placenta

A

Chorion Frondosum

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12
Q

Fingerlike projections of gestational tissue that attach to the decidualized endometrium and allow the transfer of nutrients from the mother to the fetus

A

Chorionic Villi

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13
Q

An abnormally shaped placenta caused by the membranes inserting inward from the edge of the placenta, producing a curled-up placental shape

A

Circumvallate placenta

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14
Q

Groups or lobes of chorionic villi

A

Cotyledons

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15
Q

A mass consisting of abnormal bronchial and lung tissue that develops within the fetal chest

A

Cystic adenomatoid malformation

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16
Q

The endometrial tissue at the implantation site, and the maternal contribution of the placenta

A

Decidua basillis

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17
Q

Condition in which there is an incompatibility between the fetal an maternal red blood cells

A

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

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18
Q

The fetal weight based on sonographic measurements

A

Estimated fetal weight r

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19
Q

Total blood loss; to bleed out

A

Exsanguination

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20
Q

The result of the premature opening of the internal os and the subsequent bulging of the membranes into the dilated cervix

A

Funneling (cervical)

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21
Q

Fetal hydrops caused by Rh incompatibility

A

Immune hydros

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22
Q

Term used for isthmus during pregnancy

A

Lower uterine segment

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23
Q

A fetus that is below the 10th percentile for gestational age (small for gestational age) and whose growth is impeded for some reason

A

Intrauterine growth restriction

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24
Q

An estimated fetal weight of greater than the 90th percentile or the neonate that measures more than 4,500g

A

Macrosomia

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25
Q

Abnormal cord insertion at the edge of the placenta

A

Marginal Cord insertion

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26
Q

Fetal stool that is composed of fetal skin, hair, amniotic fluid, and bile

A

Meconium

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27
Q

A rare disorder in which the mother suffers from edema and fluid buildup similar to her hyrdropic fetus

A

mirror syndrome

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28
Q

First 28 days of life

A

Neonatal period

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29
Q

A group of developmental abnormalities that involve the brain and spine

A

Neural tube defects

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30
Q

Fetal hydrops caused by congenital fetal anomalies and infections

A

Nonimmune hydros

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31
Q

Condition of having the umbilical cord wrapped completely around the fetal neck

A

Nuchal cord

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32
Q

The vertical groove seen between the upper lip and the nasal septum

A

Philtrum

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33
Q

The abnormal adherence of the placenta to the myometrium in an area where the decidua is either absent or minimal

A

Placenta Accrete

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34
Q

Invasion of the placenta within the myometrium

A

Placenta Increta

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35
Q

Penetration of the placenta through the uterine serosa and possibly into adjacent pelvic organs

A

Placenta Percreta

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36
Q

When the placenta covers or nearly covers the internal os of the cervix

A

Placenta Previa

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37
Q

Enlargement of the placenta

A

Placentamegaly

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38
Q

A lower-than-normal amount of amniotic fluid or the gestational age

A

Oligohydroamnios

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39
Q

40
An excessive amount of amniotic fluid for the gestational ag

A

Polyhydroamnios

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40
Q

Time directly after giving birth and extending to about 6 weeks

A

postpartum

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41
Q

Pregnancy-induced maternal high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine after 20 weeks gestation

A

Preeclampsia

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42
Q

The rupture of the amniotic sac prior to the onset of labor

A

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM)

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43
Q

When additional placental tissue remains within the uterus after the bulk of the placenta has been delivere

A

Retained products of conception

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44
Q

When the shoulder of the fetus cannot pass through the birth canal during pregnancy

A

Shoulder Dystocia

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45
Q

An accessory lobe of the placenta

A

Succenturiate lobe

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46
Q

Acronym that stands for toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus

A

TORCH

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47
Q

Shunting of venous or arterial blood flow from one twin to another through placental circulation

A

TWIN-TWIN TRANSFUSION SYNDROME

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48
Q

An umbilical cord with one artery and one vein; could possibly be associated with other fetal abnormalities and intrauterine growth restriction

A

TWO-VESSEL CORD

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49
Q

Two vessels of the umbilical cord that carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

A

UMBILICAL ARTERIES

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50
Q

The vessel of the umbilical cord that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

A

Umbilical Vein

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51
Q

Focal dilation of the intra-abdominal portion of the umbilical vein

A

UMBILICAL VEIN VARIX

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52
Q

Fetal vessels resting over the internal os of the cervix

A

VASA PREVIA

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53
Q

The abnormal insertion of the umbilical cord into the membranes beyond the placenta edge

A

VELAMENTOUS CORD INSERTION

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54
Q

Pools of maternal blood within the placental substance

A

VENOUS LAKES

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55
Q

Protective fetal skin covering

A

vernix

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56
Q

The structure that connects the developing embryo to the secondary yolk sac

A

vitellijne duct

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57
Q

Gelatinous material that is located within the umbilical cord around the umbilical vessels

A

Wharton jelly

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58
Q

the ___________, the maternal contribution of the placenta, is the endometrium beneath the developing placenta

A

decidua basassi

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59
Q

the _____________, the portion derived from the blastocyst and containing the chorionic villi, is the fetal contribution to the placenta

A

chorion frondsum

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60
Q

the placenta consist approximately 10 to 30 _____, which are groups or lobes of chorionic villi

A

cotyledons

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61
Q

the placenta produces _____, which maintains the corpus luteum of the ovary

A

hcG

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62
Q

later in pregnancy, the placenta also produces ________ and ______ taking over the function from the corpus luteum

A

estrogen and progesterone

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63
Q

the placenta consist of three parts:

A

-chorionc plate
placental substance
basal layer or basal platw

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64
Q

functions of the placenta:

A

gas transfer
excretory function
water balance
pH maintenance
hormone production
defensive barrier

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65
Q

________ also referred to as maternal lakes or placental lakes, are pools of maternal blood within the placental substance

A

venous lakes

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66
Q

a _______ placenta consists of two separate discs of equal size

A

bilobed

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67
Q

an accessory lobe or a ______________ lobe of the placenta, which are additional smaller lobes located separate from the main segment of the placenta

A

succenturiate

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68
Q

a __________ placenta is abnormally shaped placenta caused by the membranes inserting inward from the edge of the placenta, producing a curled-up placental contou

A

circumvallate

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69
Q

a circumvallate placenta may lead to:

A

vaginal bleeding and placental abruption

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70
Q

vaginal bleeding and placental abruption

A

4cm

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71
Q

both a thick or large placenta (termed placentomgely) and a thin placenta are associated with:

A

maternal/ and or fetal abnormalities

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72
Q

sonographic finding of a grade 0 placenta:

A

uninterrupted chorionic plate and homogenous placental substance

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73
Q

sonographic finding of a grade I placenta:

A

subtle indentations on the chorionic plate, with some small calcifications within the placental substance

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74
Q

sonographic findings of a grade II placenta:

A

moderate indentations in the chorionic plate with “comma-like” calcification in the placental substance

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75
Q

sonographic findings of a grade III placenta:

A

prominent indentation in the chorionic plate that extends to the basal layer with diffuse echogenic and anechoic areas noted within the placental substance

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76
Q

implantation of the placenta may occur within the lower uterine segment. this will often lead to ___________ which is evident when the placenta covers the internal os of the cervix

A

placenta previa

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77
Q

placenta previa is discovered more often in women with:

A

a history of multiparity, advanced maternal age, previous abortion, and c-section

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78
Q

possible causes of a thick placenta: (6)

A

*Diabetes mellitus
*Maternal anemia
*Infection
*Fetal hydrops
*Rh isoimmunization
*Multiple gestation

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79
Q

possible causes of a thin placenta: (6)

A

Diabetes mellitus (long standing)
*IUGR
*Placental insufficiency
*Polyhydramnios
*Pre-eclampsia
*Small for dates fetus

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80
Q

placenta previa is a common cause of _______________ in the second and third trismesters

A

painless vaginal bleeding

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81
Q

placenta covers the internal os completely:

A

complete (total) previa

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82
Q

placenta partially covers the internal os:

A

partial previa

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83
Q

placenta lies at the edge of the internal os:

A

marginal previa

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84
Q

placental edge extends into the lower uterine segment but ends more than 2 cm away from the internal os:

A

low-lying prevue

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85
Q

clinical findings of placenta previa: (3)

A
  1. Previous C section or uterine surgery
  2. Painless vaginal bleeding
  3. Possibly asymptomatic
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86
Q

the complication of fetal vessels resting over the internal os of the cervix is referred to as:

A

vasa previa

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87
Q

vasa previa can lead to _________ of the fetus

A

exsanguination
(severe loss of blood)

88
Q

vasa previa is often associated with:

A

velamentous cord insertion

(when a fetus’ umbilical cord abnormally inserts on the edge of the placenta along the chorioamniotic membranes, causing fetal blood vessels to travel unprotected from the placenta until they come together and reach the protection of the umbilical cord)

89
Q

sonographic findings of vasa previa: (2)

A
  1. identification of vessels over the internal os of the cervix with the use of color doppler
  2. velamentous cord insertion
90
Q

____________ is the premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus, causing hemorrhage

A

placental abruption (aka abruptio placentae)

91
Q

maternal conditions that are linked to the development of placental abruption include: (6)

A

hypertension, preeclampsia, cocaine use, cigarette smoking, poor nutrition, and trauma

92
Q

clinical findings of placental abruption: (4)

A
  1. abdominal pain
  2. possible vaginal bleeding
  3. uterine contraction
  4. uterine tenderness
93
Q

sonographic findings of placental abruption:

A
  1. hematoma located either at the edge of the placenta or between the placenta and the mypmetrium
94
Q

____________ the condition that is defined as the abnormal adherence of the placenta to the myometrium in an area where the decidua is either absent or minimal

A

placenta accrete

95
Q

adherence of the placenta to the myometrium

loss of normal hypoechoic interface between the placenta and the myometrium:

A

placenta accrete

96
Q

invasion of the placenta within the myometrium

loss of normal hypoechoic interface between the placenta and myometrium with invasion into the myometrium:

A

placenta increta

97
Q

penetration of the placenta through the serosa and possibly into adjacent organs

loss of normal hypoechoic interface between the placenta and the myometrium with penetration beyond the serosa:

A

placenta percreta

98
Q

clinical findings of placenta accreta, increta, and percreta: (3)

A
  1. previous C section or uterine surgery
  2. painless vaginal bleeding if placenta previa is present
  3. possibly asymptomatic
99
Q

sonographic findings of placenta accreta, increta, and percreta: (2)

A
  1. placenta previa (frequent associated finding)
  2. loss of normal hypoechoic interface between the placenta and the myometrium
100
Q

the most common placental tumor- located adjacent to the umbilical cord insertion site at the placenta:

A

chorioangioma

101
Q

larger chorioangioma have been associated with: (3)

A

polyhydramnios, intrauterine growth restrictions (IUGR), and fetal hydrops

102
Q

clinical findings of a chorioangioma: (1)

A
  1. possible elevation in maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein
103
Q

sonographic findings of a chorioangioma: (1)

A
  1. Solid hypoechoic or hyperechoic mass within the placenta
104
Q

linear bands of scar tissue within the uterus- result of intrauterine adhesions, as seen with asherman syndrome:

A

uterine synechia(e) (aka amniotic sheets)

105
Q

sonographic findings of uterine synechia(e): (2)

A
  1. linear, echogenic band of tissue traversing the uterine cavity
  2. the band does not involve fetal parts, and the normal fetus appears to move freely
106
Q

the umbilical cord is surrounded by what material:

A

Wharton jelly

107
Q

the cord develops from the fusion of the _______ and the _____

A

yolk stalk and vitelline duct

108
Q

the _________ carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus, enters the fetal abdomen and proceeds cephalad to connect to the left portal vein

A

umbilical vein

109
Q

the arteries, once they enter the abdomen, proceed caudal around the bladder to connect to the fetal internal iliac arteries. therefore color doppler can establish that there is a:

A

three vessel cord (3vc)

110
Q

fetuses with a ______ have an approximate 20% chance of having additional abnormalities, and a thorough examination of the fetus for other findings is warrante

A

two-vessel cord

111
Q

the umbilical cord normally inserts into the _______ portion of the placenta

A

central

112
Q

abnormal cord insertion sites are described as either ___________ or ____________

A

marginal or velamentous

113
Q

__________ cord insertion is at the edge of the placenta

A

marginal

114
Q

___________ cord insertion denotes the insertion of the umbilical cord into the membranes beyond the placental edge

A

velamentous

115
Q

umbilical cord encircling the fetal neck is termed:

A

nuchal cod

116
Q

allantoic cysts are often found near:

A

the fetal abdomen

117
Q

allantoic cysts have been seen in connection with:

A

omphalocele and aneuploidy

118
Q

another cystic-appearing mass that may be noted within the abdomen if the fetus, appearing to be adjacent to the umbilical cord, is an:

A

umbilical vein varix

119
Q

umbilical vein varix has been associated with: (4)

A

-fetal aneuploidy (the presence of one or more extra chromosomes or the absence of one or more chromosomes)
-growth restriction
-hydrops
-demise

120
Q

the most common tumor of the umbilical cord although rare:

A

hemangiomas of the umbilical cord

121
Q

sonographic findings of allantoic cysts: (2)

A
  1. cystic mass within the umbilical cord
  2. most often noted close to the fetal abdomen
122
Q

sonographic findings of hemangiomas of the umbilical cord: (2)

A
  1. solid hyperechoic mass within the umbilical cord
  2. most often noted close to the cord insertion into the placenta
123
Q

S/D ratio will decrease with advancing gestations… an elevated S/D ratio is associated with:

A

ncreased placental resistance and an increase in the risk if perinatal mortality and morbidity

124
Q

absence or reversal of diastolic flow in the umbilical artery is considered irregular and is associated with

A

an increases incidence of IUGR and oligohydramnios

125
Q

amniotic fluid functions:

A

protecting the fetus from trauma, temperature regulation, musculoskeletal maturity, and normal lung and gastrointestinal development

126
Q

the fetal ____ and ____ produce the majority of amniotic fluid, with ______being the greatest contributor

A

kidneys
lungs
urine

127
Q

AFI should measure at least _____ with a normal range between:

A

2cm-2-8 cm

128
Q

for measurement of AFI, transducer MUST be be placed:

A

perpendicular to the floor

129
Q

an excessive amount of amniotic fluid is termed:
where as a decent amount is termed:

A

polyhydramnios
oligohydramnios

130
Q

when oligohydramnios is observed, abnormalities of the _________ should be suspected

A

urinary system

131
Q

when polyhydramnios is present, abnormalities of the fetal ______ should be suspected

A

gastrointestinal

132
Q

a group of infections that can cross the placenta and influence the development of the fetus:

A

torch

133
Q

What does TORCH stand for?

A

Toxoplasmosis
Other infections
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes

134
Q

fetal malformation and complications associated with oligohydramnios: (6)

A

-bilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney disease (MCKD)
-bilateral renal agenesis
-infantile polycystic kidney disease
-intrauterine growth restriction
-posterior urethral valves
-premature rupture of membranes (PROM)

135
Q

fetal malformations and complications associated with polyhydramnios: (8)

A

-cardiac and/or chest abnormalities
-duodenal atresia
-esophageal atresia
-gastroschisis
-neural tube defects
-omphalocele
-Rh incompatibility
-twin-twin transfusion syndrome

136
Q

__________ is listed as the most common congential infection

A

cytomegalovirus

137
Q

common sonographic finding of fetal infections (cytomegalovirus), is the presence of:

A

intracranial calcifications
(heart abnormalities, microphthalmia, microcephaly, ventriculomegaly, and hepatosplenomegaly may be noted as well)

138
Q

______ virus has also been linked with microcephaly, decreased brain tissue, and limb abnormalities such as club foot

A

zika

139
Q

sonographic findings of TORCH: (5)

A
  1. Intracranial calcifications
  2. Microcephaly
  3. Ventriculomegaly
  4. Hepatosplenomegaly
  5. microphthalmia-(small eyes)
140
Q

the most common cause of intellectual disability in the US:

A

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

141
Q

fetuses exposed to alcohol in utero have been shown to have an increase risk for:

A

growth restriction, mental impairment, physical abnormalities, and immune dysfuction

142
Q

sonographic findings of fetal alcohol syndrome: (7)

A
  1. microcephaly
  2. dysgenesis of the corpus callosum
  3. long round philtrum (groove between the base of the nose and the border of the upper lip)
  4. malformed ears
  5. microphthalmia
  6. cleft palate
  7. heart defects such as ventricular septal defects
143
Q

suspected causes of symmetric intrauterine growth restriction: (4)

A

genetic disorders
fetal infections
congenital malformations
syndromes

144
Q

suspected causes of asymmetric intrauterine growth restriction:

A

nutritional deficiency
oxygen deficiency

145
Q

painless dilation of the cervix in the second or early third trimester:

A

cervical incompetence

146
Q

_____ of the cervix is a result of the premature opening of the internal os and the subsequent bulging of the membranes into the dilated cervix

A

funneling

147
Q

the cervical length should at least measure:

A

3cm

148
Q

clinical findings of a cervical incompetence: (3)

A

. painless dilation of the cervix
2. premature rupture of membranes
3. vaginal bleeding

149
Q

clinical findings of cervical incompetence: (2)

A
  1. cervical leg
  2. premature rupture of membranes
  3. vaginal bleedin
150
Q

sonographic findings of cervical incompetence: (2)

A
  1. cervical length of less than 3 cm
  2. funneling of the cervix
151
Q

immune hydrops is associated with _________ and _______________

A

erythroblastosis fetalis and Rh isoimmunization

152
Q

Occurs when when the mother has Rh-negative blood and the fetus has Rh-positive blood:

A

maternal Rh sensitization (aka Rh isoimmunization)

153
Q

these antibodies cross the placenta and begin to destroy the fetal RBCs, resulting in:

A

tal anemia, enlargement of the fetal liver and spleen, and the accumulation of fluid within the fetal body cavities

154
Q

the prevention of immune hydrops caused by Rh sensitization is the administration of

A

RhoGAM (aka Rh immune globulin)

155
Q

a rare disorder in which the mother suffers from edema and fluid buildup similar to her hydropic fetus:

A

maternal mirror syndrome

156
Q

sonographic findings of fetal hydrops: (4)

A
  1. fluid accumulation within at least two fetal body cavities
  2. fetal hepatosplenomegaly
  3. polyhydramnios
  4. thickened placenta
157
Q

causes of nonimmune hydrops: (11)

A

*Chorioangioma
*Cystic adenomatoid malformation
*Diaphragmatic hernia
*Fetal (nonimmune) anemia
*Fetal infections
*Idiopathic
*Structure anomalies of cardiac & lymphatic systems
*Trisomy 13
*Trisomy 18
*Trisomy 21
*Turner syndrome

158
Q

hose with an increased risk of preeclampsia include

A

advanced maternal age, diabetic patients, and those who have gestational trophoblastic diseas

159
Q

clinical findings of preeclampsia: (3)

A
  1. Maternal hypertension
  2. Maternal edema
  3. Maternal proteinuria
160
Q

clinical findings of eclampsia: (3)

A
  1. long standing, uncontrolled preeclampsia
  2. headaches
  3. seizures
161
Q

sonographic findings of preeclampsia and eclampsia: (5)

A
  1. oligohydramnios
  2. IUGR
  3. gestational trophoblastic disease
  4. placental abruption
  5. elevated S/D ratio
162
Q

the major risk for the fetus of a mother with gestational diabetes is _______

A

macrosomia

163
Q

the major risk for the fetus of a mother with gestational diabetes is _______

A

placentomegaly (>4cm), polyhydramnios, and AC measures larger than other measurements

164
Q

mothers with pregestational diabetes have a higher risk of miscarriage and _________

A

toxemia

165
Q

with pregestational diabetes, the fetus is at risk of: (5)

A

congenital anomalies, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress, perinatal mortality, and IUGR

166
Q

the congenital anomalies most often encountered with pregestational diabetes include:

A

cardiac defects, neural tube defects, caudal regression syndrome, sirenomelia, and renal anomalies

167
Q

a bladder flap hematoma may result from a ________

A

c-section

168
Q

clinical findings of bladder flap hematoma: (1)

A
  1. recent c section
169
Q

sonographic findings of bladder flap hematoma: (1)

A

1.Anechoic or complex mass located between the lower uterine segment and posterior bladder wall

170
Q

commonly referred to as a fibroid, is a common benign smooth muscle uterine tumor. asymptomatic during pregnancy:

A

leiomyoma

171
Q

sonographic findings of a leiomyoma: (4)

A
  1. Hypoechoic mass
  2. Posterior shadowing
  3. Calcifications or cystic components (degenerating)
  4. Enlarged, irregularly shaped, diffuse lay heterogenous uterus
172
Q

excessive and sustained postpartum vaginal bleeding may be the result of:

A

retained products of conception (RPOC)

(refers to placental and/or fetal tissue that remains in the uterus)

173
Q

RPOC is typically treated with:

A

dilatation and curettage (D&C)

174
Q

clinical findings of retained products of conception: (1)

A
  1. postpartum vaginal bleeding
175
Q

sonographic findings of retained products of conception: (2)

A
  1. echogenic intracavitary mass that may contain some calcifications
  2. color doppler signals within the retained placental tissue
176
Q

nonimmune hydrops is associated with all of the following except:
a. RH isoimmunization
b. pleural effusion
c. turner syndrome
d. fetal infections

A

a

177
Q

the maternal contribution to the placenta is the:
a. chorionic vera
b. decidua vera
c. decidua basalis
d. chorion frondosum

A

C

178
Q

the placenta releases _________ to maintain the corpus luteum
a. human chorionic gonadotropin
b. follicle-stimulating hormone
c. luteinizing hormone
d. gonadotropin-stimulating hormone

A

A

179
Q

An anechoic mass is noted within the umbilical cord
during a routine sonographic examination. What is
the most likely diagnosis?
a. Hemangioma
b. Vasa previa
c. Chorioangioma
d. Allantoic cyst

A

A

180
Q

with Rh isoimmunization, the maternal antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the fetal:
a. spleen
b. RBCs
c. liver
d. WBCs

A

B

181
Q

mothers with pregestational diabetes, as opposed to gestational diabetes, have an increased risk of a fetus with:
a. neural tube defects
b. proteinuria
c. TORCH
d. diethylstilbestrol

A

A

182
Q

a succenturiate of the placenta refers to a:
a. bilobed placental lobe
b. circumvallate placental lobe
c. accessory lobe
d. circummarginate placental lobe

A

C

183
Q

Pools of maternal blood noted within the placental
substance are referred to as:
a. Accessory lobes
b. Decidual casts
c. Chorioangiomas
d. Maternal lakes

A

D

184
Q

the fetal contribution of the placenta is the:
a. chorionic vera
b. decidua casts
c. decidua basalis
d. chorion frondosum

A

D

185
Q

which of the following would be least likely associated with immune hydrops?
a. fetal hepatomegaly
b. fetal splenomegaly
c. anasarca
d. leiomyoma

A

D

186
Q

the placenta is considered too thick when it measures:
a. >4mm
b. >4cm
c. >8mm
d. >3.5cm

A

B

187
Q

all of the following are associated with a thin placenta except:
a. preeclampsia
b. IUGR
c. fetal hydrops
d. long-standing diabetes

A

C

188
Q

what would be most likely confused for a uterine leiomyoma?
a. placental infarct
b. chorioangioma
c. myometrial contraction
d. placenta previa

A

C

189
Q

when the placenta completely covers the internal os, it is referred to as:
a. low-lying previa
b. marginal previa
c. partial previa
d. total previa

A

D

190
Q

one of the most common causes of painless vaginal bleeding in the second and third trimesters is:
a. spontaneous abortion
b. abruptio placentae
c. placenta previa
d. placenta accrete

A

C

191
Q

all of the following are associated with a thick placenta except:
a. fetal infections
b. Rh isoimmunization
c. placental insufficiency
d. multiple gestations

A

C

192
Q

placenta accrete denotes:
a. the abnormal attachment of the placenta to the myometrium
b. the premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
c. the invasion of the placenta into the myometrium
d. the condition of having the fetal vessels rest over the internal os

A

A

193
Q

doppler sonography reveals vascular structures coursing over the internal os of the cervix. this findings is indicative of:
a. vasa previa
b. placenta previa
c. placenta increta
d. abruptio placentae

A

A

194
Q

all of the following are clinical features of placental abruption except:
a. vaginal bleeding
b. uterine tenderness
c. abdominal pain
d. funneling of the cervix

A

D

195
Q

penetration of the placenta beyond the uterine wall would be referred to as:
a. placenta accrete
b. placenta increta
c. placenta previa
d. placenta percreta

A

D

196
Q

all of the following are associated with oligohydramnios except:
a. bilateral renal agenesis
b. infantile polycystic kidney disease
c. premature rupture of membranes
d. duodenal atresia

A

D

197
Q

the most common placental tumor is the:
a. choriocarcinoma
b. maternal lake
c. chorioangioma
d. allantoic cyst

A

C

198
Q

pregnancy-induced maternal high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine after 20 weeks gestation is termed:
a. preeclampsia
b. gestational diabetes
c. eclampsia
d. gestational trophoblastic disease

A

A

199
Q

the normal umbilical cord has:
a. one vein and one artery
b. two veins and two arteries
c. two veins and one artery
d. two arteries and one vein

A

D

200
Q

insertion of the umbilical cord at the edge of the placenta is referred to as:
a. velamentous cord insertion
b. partial cord insertion
c. marginal cord insertion
d. nuchal cord insertion

A

C

201
Q

increased S/D ratio is associated with all of the following except:
a. IUGR
b. placental insufficiency
c. allantoic cysts
d. perinatal mortality

A

C

202
Q

a velamentous cord insertion is associated with which of the following?
a. placenta increta
b. placental abruption
c. vasa previa
d. circumvallate placenta

A

C

203
Q

the normal umbilical cord insertion point into the placenta is:
a. central
b. superior margin
c. inferior margin
d. laternal margin

A

A

204
Q

normally, the S/D ratio:
a. increases with advancing gestation
b. decreases with advancing gestation
c. reverses occasionally during a normal pregnancy
d. has an absent diastolic component

A

B

205
Q

Fetal TORCH is frequently associated with:
a. maternal hypertension
b. twin-twin transfusion
c. intracranial calcifications
d. renal cystic disease

A

C

206
Q

Evidence of polyhydramnios should warrant a careful investigation of the fetal:
a. genitourinary system
b. gastrointestinal system
c. extremities
d. cerebrovascular system

A

B

207
Q

Evidence of polyhydramnios should warrant a careful investigation of the fetal:
a. genitourinary system
b. gastrointestinal system
c. extremities
d. cerebrovascular system

A

D

208
Q

IUGR is evident when the EFW is:
a. above the 90th percentile
b. below the 90th percentile
c. above the 10th percentile
d. below the 10th percentile

A

D

209
Q

the cervix should measure at least _____ in length
a. 4 cm
b. 5 cm
c. 3 cm
d. 8 mm

A

C

210
Q

the abnormal insertion of the umbilical cord into the membranes beyond the placental edge is termed:
a. placenta previa
b. placental abruption
c. marginal insertion
d. velamentous insertion

A

D

211
Q

the measurement that should be carefully scrutinized in cases of IUGR is the:
a. AC
b. femur length
c. biparietal diameter
d. head circumference

A

A

212
Q

Doppler assessment of the middle cerebral artery:
a. helps to determine whether fetal anorexia is occurring
b. is valuable in diagnosing the extent of ventriculomegly
c. can evaluate the fetus for hypoxia
d. is important to determine whether TORCH complications are present

A

C

213
Q

mother will gestational diabetes run the risk of having fetuses that are considered:
a. nutritionally deficient
b. acromegalic
c. microsomic
d. macrosomic

A

D

214
Q

which of the following is described as the situation in which the placental edge extends into the lower uterine segment but ends more than 2 cm away from the internal os?
a. low lying placenta
b. marginal previa
c. partial previa
d. total previa

A

A

215
Q

which of the following would increase the likelihood of developing placenta previa?
a. vaginal bleeding
b. previous cesarean section
c. corpus albicans
d. chorioangioma

A

B

Penny - OB CH (18 decks)

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