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Penny - OB CH > Chapter 29 - Fetal Genitourinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 29 - Fetal Genitourinary System Flashcards

1
Q

A membrane that is present during early embryonic development that contributes to urinary bladder formation and development

A

Allantois

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2
Q

A way in which a disorder or trait can be inherited by a fetus; at least one of the parents has to be the carrier of the gene for the disease

A

Autosomal dominant

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3
Q

A birth defect in which the sex of the fetus cannot be determine

A

Ambigious Genitalia

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4
Q

An inherited disease that results in the development of renal, liver, and pancreatic cysts later on in life; also referred to as adult polycystic kidney disease

A

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

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5
Q

A way in which a disorder or trait can be inherited by a fetus; both parents must be carriers of the gene for the diseas

A

Autosomal Recessive

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6
Q

An inherited renal disease that results in bilateral enlargement of the fetal kidneys and microscopic renal cysts; also referred to as infantile polycystic kidney disease

A

Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease

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7
Q

A birth defect in which the bladder is located outside of the abdomen

A

Bladder Exstrophy

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8
Q

Dilation of the calices

A

Caliectasis

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9
Q

Enlargement of the clitoris

A

Clitromegaly

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10
Q

The embryonic structure that develops into the normal rectum and urogenital sinus

A

CloacA

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11
Q

Q
Birth defect consisting of omphalocele, bladder exstrophy, imperforate anus, and spina bifida; also referred to as OEIS complex

A

Cloacal Exstrophy

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12
Q

Enlargement of an organ secondary to an increased workload; often seen when part of the has been destroyed or when there is an absence or decreased function of paired organs

A

Compensatory Hypertrophy

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13
Q

The attachment of the lower poles of the kidneys by a band of renal tissue that crosses the midline of the abdomen

A

Horseshoe kidneys

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14
Q

Q
A fluid collection within the scrotum between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis

A

Hydrocele

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15
Q

The dilation of the renal collecting system resulting from the obstruction of the flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

Hydronephrosis

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16
Q

Q
Distention of the ureter with fluid because of an obstruction

A

Hydrouterter

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17
Q

Abnormal ventral curvature of the penis as a result of a shortened urethra that exits on the ventral penile shaft

A

Hypospadias

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18
Q

The sonographic appearance of a dilated fetal bladder and urethra in the presence of bladder outlet obstruction

A

“Keyhole sign”

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19
Q

The sonographic appearance of the adrenal gland in a parallel position within the abdomen as a result of renal agenesis

A

“Lying down Sign”

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20
Q

Fetal syndrome associated with microcephaly, occipital encephalocele, polydactyly, and polycystic kidneys

A

Meckel-Gruber Syndrome

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21
Q

An abnormally enlarged urinary bladder

A

Megacystitis

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22
Q

An enlarged ureter; can be congenital or acquired

A

Megaureter

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23
Q

The most common solid fetal renal mass

A

Mesoblastic Nephroma

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24
Q

An abnormally small penis

A

Micropenis

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25
Q

A fetal renal disease thought to be caused by an early renal obstruction; leads to the development of multiple noncommunicating cysts of varying sizes in the renal fossa

A

Multicystic Displastic Kidney Disease

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26
Q

Malignant tumor that can occur within the adrenal gland anywhere within the sympathetic nervous system

A

Nueroblastomac

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27
Q

A fetal disorder caused by an early renal obstruction; leads to small and echogenic kidneys that have cysts located along their margins

A

Obstructive Cystic Dysplasia

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28
Q

Q
Dilation of the renal pelvis; may also be referred to as pyelectasis

A

Pelviectasis

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29
Q

The region between the external genitalia and the anus

A

Perineum

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30
Q

Irregular thin membranes of tissue located within the male posterior urethra that does not allow urine to exit the urethra

A

Posterior ureteral valves

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31
Q

Facial features seen with severe oligohydroamnios, including low set ears, flattened nose wrinkled skin, and micrognathia

A

Potter Facies

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32
Q

Physical features of a fetus as a result of oligohydroamnios; characterized by bilateral renal agenesis, abnormal facies, pulmonary hypoplasia, and limb abnormalities; also referred to a Potter sequence

A

Potter syndrome

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33
Q

Syndrome that is a consequence of the abdominal wall musculature being stretched by the extremely enlarged urinary bladder

A

Prune Belly syndrome

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34
Q

Underdevelopment of the lungs

A

Pulmonary Hypoplasia

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35
Q

Failure of the kidney to develop; may be unilateral or bilateral

A

Renal agencies

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36
Q

The part of the collecting system that encompasses the apex of the renal pyramids

A

Renal Calices

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37
Q

Refers to an abnormal location of the kidneys

A

Renal Ectopia

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38
Q

The region where the kidney is located the abdomen

A

Renal Fossa

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39
Q

Measurement of the fetal renal pelvis; this dimension is obtained from the transverse kidney plane

A

Renal pelvic Diameter

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40
Q

Canal connecting the fetal bladder with the allantois; normally closes during fetal development and becomes a fibrous cord

A

Urachus

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41
Q

Q
An abnormailty in which the distal ureter projects into the urinary bladder

A

Ureterocele

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42
Q

An obstruction located in the region where the ureter meets the renal pelvis

A

Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

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43
Q

An obstruction located in the region where the ureter meets the bladder

A

URETEROVESICULAR JUNCTION OBSTRUCTION

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44
Q

Q
The congenital absence of the urethra

A

URETHRAL ATRESIA

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45
Q

the fetal kidneys develop within the pelvis and ascend into their normal position by ____ weeks

A

9

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46
Q

ectopic kidney found in the pelvis

A

PELVIC KIDNEY

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47
Q

kidneys that are attached at their lower poles

A

HORSESHOE KIDNEY

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48
Q

the ________ is located between the apex of the bladder and the umbilicus

A

URACHUS

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49
Q

the testicles move down into the scrotum during the ____ month of gestation

A

7TH MONTH

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50
Q

the fetal urinary bladder normally fills and empties once in every:

A

30-45 MINS

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51
Q

VACTERL stands for

A

vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac anomalies, tracheoesophageal fistula or esophageal atresia, renal anomalies, and limb anomalies

(association of 3 or more anomalies)

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52
Q

VACTERL may also be referred to as:

A

VATER sequence, VATER, or VACTEL syndrome

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53
Q

_________ abnormalities are the most frequent cause of oligohydramnios. if oligohydramnios is discovered, an analysis of the fetal _______ is warranted

A

RENAL
URINARY TRACT

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54
Q

during fetal development, around ___ weeks, the fetal kidneys begin to produce urine

A

9

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55
Q

Urine comprises the greater part of amniotic fluid after ___ weeks?

A

14

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56
Q

the most worrisome consequence of oligohydramnios is _________ or underdevelopment of the lungs

A

PULMONARY HYPOPLASIA

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57
Q

when the kidney is absent in the abdomen, the adrenal gland can be noted in a parallel, flattened position, a sonographic finding known as the:

A

“lying down” adrenal sign

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58
Q

bilateral renal agenesis, also known as ______ is a fatal condition.

A

POTTER SYNDROME

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59
Q

bilateral renal agenesis may be seen in conjunction with ________ and various cardiovascular malformations

A

SIRENOMELIA

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60
Q

unilateral renal agenesis is ______ common than bilateral renal agenesis. there is an average amount of amniotic fluid and the prognosis is good

A

MORE
**(always check fetal pelvis for a pelvic kidney)

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61
Q

features of potter syndrome: (5)

A

-bilateral renal agenesis
- abnormal facial features (potter facies)
- pulmonary hypoplasia
- limb abnormalities
- intrauterine growth restriction

62
Q

in the presence of unilateral renal agenesis, the contralateral kidney will enlarge, a condition known as:

A

compensatory hypertrophy

63
Q

sonographic findings of bilateral renal agenesis: (5)

A
  1. absent kidneys
  2. absent urinary bladder
  3. severe oligohydramnios or anhydramnios
  4. bilateral lying down adrenal signs
  5. undetectable renal artery branches w/ color
64
Q

sonographic findings of unilateral renal agenesis: (6)

A
  1. absent kidney
  2. hypertrophy of the contralateral kidney
  3. visible urinary bladder
  4. normal amniotic fluid volume
  5. unilateral laying down adrenal sign
  6. undetectable renal artery branch with color doppler (unilateral)
65
Q

in order for an autosomal recessive disease to be passed to the fetus,…

A

both parents must be carriers of the disease

66
Q

in order to an autosomal dominant disease to be passed to the fetus,.

A

only one of the parents has to be the carrier

67
Q

autosomal dominant disorders tend to be _____ severe than recessive disorders

A

LESS

68
Q

__ would be the most likely cause of enlarged, echogenic kidneys noted in utero

A

ARPKD
(autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease)

69
Q

one condition associated with ARPKD is ________, which is a fatal disorder that includes renal cystic disease, occipital encephalocele, and polydactyly

A

MECKEL GRUBER SYNDROME

70
Q

the cysts with ARPKD are:

A

MICROSCOPIC

71
Q

sonographic findings of autosomal recessive (infantile) polycystic kidney disease): (3)

A
  1. bilateral, enlarged echogenic kidneys
  2. absent urinary bladder
  3. oligohydramnios
72
Q

_________ does not typically manifest until approximately the fourth or fifth decade of life

A

ADPKD

73
Q

sonographic findings of autosomal dominant (adult) polycystic kidney disease: ADPKD (4)

A
  1. normal appearing or bilateral, enlarged echogenic kidneys
  2. visible urinary bladder
  3. normal amniotic fluid volume
  4. cysts do not manifest until 4th/5th decade of life
74
Q

thought to be caused by an early, first trimester obstruction of the ureter:

A

MCDK

75
Q

MCDK disease is fatal if ________

A

BILATERAL

76
Q

sonographic findings of bilateral multicystic dysplastic renal disease MCDK: (3)

A
  1. bilateral, smooth walled, noncommunicating cysts of varying sizes located within the renal fossae
  2. absent urinary bladder
  3. oligohydramnios
77
Q

sonographic findings of unilateral multicystic dysplastic renal disease: (4)

A
  1. unilateral, smooth-walled, noncommunicating cysts of the varying sizes located within the renal fossa
  2. hypertrophy of the contralateral kidney
  3. visible urinary bladder
  4. normal amniotic fluiD VOULME
78
Q

___________, like MCDK disease is caused by an early renal obstruction

A

obstructive cystic dysplasia

79
Q

a ________, or a severe bladder outlet obstruction, early in gestation, can lead to bilateral obstructive cystic dysplasia, in which case oligohydramnios will be present

A

URETROCELE

80
Q

unilateral obstructive cystic dysplasia is most often caused by:

A

pelviureteral junction or vesicoureteral junction obstruction

81
Q

bilateral cystic dysplasia may be associated with:

A

bilateral cystic dysplasia may be associated with:

82
Q

sonographic findings of bilateral obstructive cystic dysplasia: (5)

A

small, echogenic kidneys
2. peripheral renal cysts
3. bilateral hydronephrosis
4. thick-walled urinary bladder
5. oligohydramnios

83
Q

________ is the most common fetal abnormality noted during an obstetric sonogram

A

HYDRONEPHROSIS

84
Q

enlargement of the bladder is called _________ whereas dilation of the ureter may be referred tp as ________ or _________

A

megacystis
megaureter or hydroureter

85
Q

the measurement of the renal pelvis is made in the anteroposterior plane and should not exceed ___ before 20 weeks or ___ after 20 weeks gestation

A

7mm
10mm

86
Q

the most common cause of hydronephrosis in the neonate and the most common form of fetal renal obstruction

A

UPJ OBSTRUCTION

87
Q

UPJ is located at:

A

LOCATED AT THE RENAL PELVIS AND THE URETER

88
Q

that cause of UPJ obstruction may be due to:

A

irregular development of the smooth muscle in the area of the UPJ

89
Q

fetal pyelectasis (dilation of renal pelvis) can be s sonographic marker for:

A

DOWN SYNDROME

90
Q

sonographic findings of ureteropelvic junction obstruction: (3)

A
  1. hydronephrosis
  2. normal uterus (nonvisual)
  3. normal bladder
91
Q

Describes the condition in which there is a blockage of the flow of urine out of the urinary bladder

A

bladder outlet obstruction

92
Q

_____ are a common cause of bladder outlet obstructions in male fetuses

A

posterior urethral valves

93
Q

the “____” sing is seen when there is dilation of the urinary bladder & the posterior urethra

A

Keyhole

94
Q

sonographic findings of posterior urethral valves (5)

A
  1. keyhole sign
    bilateral hydrouter
  2. bilateral hydronephrosis
  3. oligohydramnios
  4. thickened bladder wall
95
Q

Caused by megacystis, a massively dilated urinary, seen mostly in make fetuses which leads to bladder outlet obstruction

A

prune belly syndrome

96
Q

prune belly syndrome describes the result of

A

the abdominal wall musculature being stretched by the extremely enlarged urinary bladder

97
Q

sonographic findings of prune belly syndrome (4)

A
  1. dilated bladder and possibly urethra (keyhole)
  2. absent abdominal musculature
  3. undescended testis
  4. megacystis & hydronephrosis
98
Q

the obstruction that has the least common cause of hydronephrosis in the fetus:

A

UVJ obstruction

99
Q

unilateral UVJ obstructions lead to:
bilateral UVJ obtructions lead to:

A

normal amounts of amniotic fluid
oligohydramnios

100
Q

sonographic findings of ureterovesicular junction obstruction: (4)

A
  1. hydronephrosis
  2. dilated ureter
  3. normal bladder
  4. normal amniotic fluid (if unilateral)
101
Q

the ______ is the embryonic structure that develops into the rectum and urogenital sinus. can result in the combination of the urinary, genitals, and intestinal tract, emptying on the perineum

A

cloaca

102
Q

with _______, there is an omphalocele, bladder exstrophy, imperforate anus, and spina bifida

A

cloacal exstrophy aka OEIS complex

103
Q

sonography findings of bladder exstrophy: (3)

A

.1. lower abdominal wall mass inferior to the umbilicus
2. absent urinary bladder
3. normal kidneys

104
Q

the most common solid fetal renal mass is the:

A

mesoblastic nephroma (hamartoma of the kidney)

105
Q

sonographic findings of the mesoblastic nephroma: (1)

A
  1. solid, homogenous mass within the renal fossa and may completely replace the kidney
106
Q

Sperm carries what chromosome?
Ovary always contributes what chromsome?

A

X or a Y
X

107
Q

an X chromosome from the sperm will yield ____, which is female offspring

A

XX

108
Q

an X chromosome from the sperm will yield ____, which is female offspring

A

XX

109
Q

the combination of a Y chromosome will yield XY, which is:

A

MALE OFFSPRING

110
Q

abnormal ventral curvature of the penis as a result of a shortened urethra that exits on the ventral penile shaft:

A

HYPOSPADIAS

111
Q

the most common female finding is ________

A

CLITORMEGALY

112
Q

the most common malignant abdominal mass in neonates is the:

A

NEUROBLASTOMA

113
Q

uring an 18 week sonogram, multiple cysts of varying sizes are noted within the renal fossa of a male fetus. the other kidney appears to be normal. which of the following would be an associated finding?
a. megacystis
b. ovarian dysgenesis
c. hypospadias
d. normal amniotic fluid level

A

d

114
Q

the most common malignant adrenal pediatric tumor is the:
a. nephromblastoma
b. pheochromocytoma
c. hepatoblastoma
d. neuroblastoma

A

d

115
Q

the “keyhole” sign would be seen in all of the following situations except:
a. urethral atresia
b. prune belly syndrome
c. autosomal dominant polycystic renal disease
d. posterior urethral valves

A

c

116
Q

what is the most common fetal abnormality noted during an obstetric sonogram?
a. anencephaly
b. spina bifida
c. cleft lip
d. hydronephrosis

A

d

117
Q

the “lying down” adrenal sign would be seen in all of the following situations except:
a. unilateral renal agenesis
b. bilateral renal agenesis
c. potter syndrome
d. pyelectesis

A

d

118
Q

the birth defect in which the sex of the fetus cannot be determined defines:
a. renal agenesis
b. ovarian dysgenesis
c. clitorimegaly
d. ambiguous genitalia

A

d

119
Q

what measurement should the renal pelvis not exceed prior to 20 weeks gestation?
a. 2 mm
b. 10 mm
c. 7 mm
d. 1.2 cm

A

c

120
Q

cloacal exstrophy is associated with all of the following except:
a. omphalocele
b. spina bifida
c. encephalocele
d. imperforate anus

A

c

121
Q

the renal cystic disease that results in the development of cysts late in adulthood is:
a. multicystic dysplastic renal disease
b. autosomal dominant renal disease
c. autosomal recessive polycystic disease
d. obstructive cystic dysplasia

A

b

122
Q

that is the most common cause of hydronephrosis in the neonate and the most common form of fetal renal obstruction?
a. UVJ obstruction
b. UPJ obstruction
c. vesicoureteral reflux
d. urethral atresia

A

b

123
Q

bladder exstrophy describes:
a. absence of the cloaca
b. protrusion of the bladder
c. external position of the bladder
d. enlargement of the bladder

A

c

124
Q

which of the following would result in compensatory hypertrophy?
a. unilateral renal agenesis
b. bilateral renal agenesis
c. pelvic kidney
d. horseshoe kidneys

A

a

125
Q

which of the following would cause a bladder outlet obstruction?
a. posterior urethral valves
b. fetal ovarian cyst
c. pelviectasis
d. pelvocaliectasos

A

a

126
Q

which of the following is associated with enlarged echogenic kidneys and microscopic renal cysts?
a. MCDK disease
b. obstructive cystic dysplasia
c. hydronephrotic syndrome
d. ARPKD

A

d

127
Q

the “lying down” adrenal sign describes the sonographic findings of:
a. enlarged bladder and urethra
b. renal agenesis
c. MCDK disease
d. posterior urethral valves

A

b

128
Q

the “I” in OEIS complex stands for:
a. imperforate anus
b. ilial dysfunction
c. irregular bladder enlargement
d. iniencephaly

A

a

129
Q

another name for pelvocaliectasis is:
a. caliectasis
b. hydrocele
c. hydronephrosis
d. pyonephrosis

A

c

130
Q

which of the following best describes hypospadias?
a. OEIS complex in the presence of a hydrocele
b. the chronic obstruction of the renal pelvis and urethra
c. the underdevelopment of the scrotum in the presence of a hydrocele
d. an abnormal ventral curvature of the penis

A

d

131
Q

the “keyhole” sign describes the sonographic findings of a(n):
a. enlarged bladder and dilated urethra
b. bilateral renal agenesis
c. unilateral renal agenesis
d. dilation of the renal pelvis and proximal ureter

A

a

132
Q

what is the term for enlargement of the urinary bladder?
a. posterior urethral valves
b. urethral atresia
c. prune belly syndrome
d. megacystis

A

d

133
Q

Numerous noncommunicating anechoic masses are noted within the left renal fossa of a fetus at 20 weeks gestation. What is the most likely etiology of these masses?
a. ARPKD
b. ADPKD
c. MCDK disease
d. hydronephrosis

A

c

134
Q

fluid surrounding the fetal testicle is referred to as:
a. hydroureter
b. hydronephrosis
c. hydrocele
d. hydroscrotum

A

c

135
Q

fusion of the lower poles of the kidneys describes:
a. renal agenesis
b. horseshoe kidneys
c. moiety
d. meckel-gruber syndrome

A

b

136
Q

the syndrome associated with an occipital cephalocele, cystic renal disease, and polydactly is:
a. meckel-gruber syndrome
b. potter syndrome
c. VACTERL association
d. sirenomelia syndrome

A

a

137
Q

which of the following is not a component of prune belly syndrome?
a. megacystis
b. undescended testis
c. dilated urinary bladder and urethra
d. abdominal muscle hypertrophy

A

d

138
Q

OEIS complex is also referred to as:
a. bladder exstrophy
b. omphalocele
c. potter syndrome
d. cloacal exstrophy

A

d

139
Q

obstruction at the level of the UPJ would lead to dilation of the:
a. renal pelvis and bladder
b. bladder and ureter
c. ureter and renal pelvis
d. renal pelvis and calices

A

d

140
Q

the most common location of an ectopic kidney is within the:
a. lower abdomen
b. pelvis
c. chest
d. contralateral quadrant

A

b

141
Q

pyelectasis refers to:
a. enlargement of the urinary bladder, ureter, and renal calices
b. dilation of the ureter
c. dilation of the renal pelvis
d. enlargement of the ureter only

A

c

142
Q

prune belly syndrome is caused by:
a. an enlarged bladder
b. unilateral renal agenesis
c. bilateral renal agenesis
d. hypospadias

A

a

143
Q

all of the following would be associated with oligohydramnios except:
a. bilateral MCDK disease
b. unilateral renal agenesis
c. bilateral renal agenesis
d. ARPKD

A

b

144
Q

what is the most common fetal renal tumor?
a. neuroblastoma
b. nephroblastoma
c. mesoblastic nephroma
d. wilms tumor

A

c

145
Q

The type of renal cystic disease associated with adult liver and pancreatic cysts is:
a. MCDK
b. ARPKD
c. ADPKD
d. VATER

A

c

146
Q

having more than the normal number of digits:
a. polydactyly
b. clinodactyly
c. multidigitopia
d. sirenomelia

A

a

147
Q

crytorchidism describes:
a. bilateral pelvic kidneys
b. urethral atresia
c. undescended testicles
d. ovarian dysgenesis

A

c

148
Q

an obstruction at the ureterovesicular junction would lead to dilation of the:
a. bladder and urethra
b. bladder, urethra, and ureters
c. bladder, urethra, ureters, and renal collecting system
d. ureter and renal collecting system

A

d

149
Q

Before 9 weeks, the fetal kidneys are located within the:
a. renal fossae
b. pelvis
c. chest
d. umbilical cord

A

b

150
Q

which of the following is the most common renal anomaly?
a. horseshoe kidneys
b. pelvic kidneys
c. renal agenesis
d. duplex collecting system

A

d

151
Q

failure of the kidneys to form is called:
a. hydronephrosis
b. renal dysplasia
c. renal agenesis
d. renal ectopia

A

c

152
Q

which of the following would be the most likely cause of bilateral, enlarged echogenic fetal kidneys and oligohydramnios?
a. ARPKD
b. MCKD
c. renal cystic dysplasia
d. ADPKD

A

a

Penny - OB CH (18 decks)

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