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Penny - OB CH > Chapter 19 - The menstrual Cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - The menstrual Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

a change in menstrual bleeding patterns caused by either endocrine abnormalities or lesions within the uterus

A

abnormal uterine bleeding

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2
Q

absence of ovulation

A

anovulatory

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3
Q

the anterior segement of the pituitary gland, which is responsible for releasing follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone the menstrual cycle

A

anterior pituitary gland

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4
Q

degeneration of a follicle

A

atresia (ovarian follicle)

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5
Q

the stage at which the conceptus implants within the decidualized endometrium

A

blastocyst

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6
Q

the remaining structure of the corpus luteum after its deterioriation

A

corpus albicans

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7
Q

the structure that contains the developing oocyte

A

cumulus oophorus

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8
Q

a change in menstrual bleeding pattens related to hormonal imbalances, resulting in endometrial changes and subsequent abnormal bleeding

A

dystfunctional uterine bleeding

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9
Q

the degeneration of the endometrium with advancing age, most often seen in postmenopausal women

A

endometrial atrophy

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10
Q

cancer of the endometrium

A

endometrial carcinoma

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11
Q

an increase in the number of endometrial cells

A

endometrial hyperplasia

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12
Q

small nodules of hyperplastic enodmetrial tissue

A

endometrial polyps

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13
Q

the hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase that initiates the proliferation and thickening of the endometrium

A

estrogen

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14
Q

the fingerlike extensions of the fallopian tube located on the infundibilum

A

fimbria

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15
Q

small, round group of cells

A

follicle

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16
Q

the hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes the development of multiple folicles on the ovaries

A

FSH - follcile stimulating hormone

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17
Q

the first phase of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase

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18
Q

the hormone released by the hypothalmus that stimulated the pituitary gland to release the hormones that regulate the female menstrual cycle

A

gondaotropin-releasing hormone

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19
Q

the area within the brain that is located just beneath the thalamus, & controls the release of hormones by the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

the complex interactions that take place between the hypothalmus, pituitary gland, and ovaries as part of the reproductive cycle

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

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21
Q

a vaginal anomaly in which the hymen he’s no opening, resulting in an obstruction of the vagina

A

Imperforate hymen

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22
Q

the second phase of the of the ovarian cycle

A

luteal phase

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23
Q

the hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that surges around day 14 of the menstrual cycle, resulting in ovulation

A

luteinizing hormone

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24
Q

the first menstrual cycle

A

menarche

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25
Q

menstrual bleeding

A

menses

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26
Q

pain at time of ovulation

A

mittelschmerz

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27
Q

another name for the late proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle , which occurs around the time of ovulation

A

periovulatory phase

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28
Q

failure to experience menarche before age 16

A

primary amonrrhea

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29
Q

a hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy, maintains pregnancy, and promotes development of the mammary glands; primarily produced by the ovary and placenta

A

progesterone

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30
Q

the multiplication of similar forms

A

proliferation

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31
Q

the first phase of the endometrial cycle

A

proliferative phase

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32
Q

the cessation of the menstruation characteristically diagnosed in the postmenarchal woman who has had 3 to 6 months without a menstrual cycle

A

secondary amenorrhea

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33
Q

the second phase of the endometrial cycle

A

secretory phase

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34
Q

the trophoblastic cells surrounding the blastocyst that are responsible for producing human chorionic gonadotropin

A

syncytiotrophoblastic cells

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35
Q

cells of the follicle that produce estrogen

A

theca internal cells

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36
Q

the periovulatory endometrial sonographic appearance in which the outer echogenic basal layer surrounds the more hypoechoic functional layer, with the functional layer sperated by the echogenic endometrial stripe

A

three-line sign

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37
Q

The first day of the menstrual cycle is said to occur on what?

A

1st day of bleeding

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38
Q

Ovulation typically occurs around what day?

A

14

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39
Q

What day is the menstrual cycle correlate with Menses at which time the endometrium is shed?

A

1 through 5

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40
Q

With menarche what may be influenced?

A

Environment and diet

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41
Q

Primary amenorrhea may be caused by what

A

congenital abnormalities or congenital obstruction such as imperforate hymen

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42
Q

Secondary amenorrhea may be associated with what

A

Endocrinologic abnormalities or pregnancy, secondary amenorrhea that is not associated with pregnancy is characteristically diagnosed and the postmenarcheal woman who has had at least 12 months without a menstrual cycle

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43
Q

What is the responsibility of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulate and release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland the hypothalamus achieves this function by releasing its own hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone which in turn stimulates the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland

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44
Q

The pituitary gland AKA? Located where? Responsible for?

A

Master gland, endocrine gland located within the brain that consists of an anterior and posterior lobe, anterior lobe responsible for the release of two hormones follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, FSH causes the development of multiple follicles in the ovaries, LH surges around day 14 of the menstrual cycle which results in ovulation

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45
Q

The ovary produces what two hormones during the menstrual cycle?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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46
Q

Estrogen is produced throughout the menstrual cycle it is initially produced by what?

A

Theca internal cells of the secondary follicles during the first part of the menstrual cycle, during this phase estrogen initiates the proliferation and thickness of the endometrium by encouraging the growth and expansion of spiral arteries and glands within the functional layer of the endometrium, oxygen has many other important functions, regeneration of the endometrium after Menses and induction of salt and water retention, simulates contractile emotions within the uterine myometrium and Fallopian tubes, during second half dimensional cycle following ovulation progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum of the ovary, progesterone is responsible for maintaining the thickness of the endometrium and inducing its secretory activity as it is prepared for implantation

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47
Q

The ovarian cycle consists of what two phases?

A

Follicular phase and luteal phase

48
Q

The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle is considered to begin on what day and last until what day?

A

Begins on day one and lasts until day 14 thus in effect with ovulation

49
Q

During the follicular phase the anterior pituitary gland secretes what which initiates the follicular development of the ovary many follicles are produced by the ovary?

A

FSH

50
Q

Around what day is LH produced by the anterior pituitary gland which stimulates ovulation at which time the graafian follicle which is grown ruptures and expels a small amount of fluid and the ovum into the peritoneal?

A

14

51
Q

The second phase of the ovarian cycle days 15 to 28 is termed what phase?

A

Luteal

52
Q

The basal layer is slightly altered during the menstrual cycle and consist of what?

A

Dense cellular stroma

53
Q

The endometrial cycle consists of what two phases?

A

Proliferative & secretory

54
Q

What phase of the endometrial cycle occurs after menstruation and lasts until ovulation?

A

Proliferative

55
Q

What phase of the endometrial cycle occurs after ovulation and is stimulated by progesterone?

A

Secretory

56
Q

What maintains the thickness of the endometrium in preparation for implantation?

A

Progesterone

57
Q

These 1 through 5 of the menstrual cycle correlate with Menses at which this time the endometrium is what?

A

Shed

58
Q

Following Menses the ovary is in what phase while the endometrium is in what phase?

A

Ovary is in the follicular phase while the endometrium is in the proliferative phase

59
Q

Following ovulation the ovary Begins the what phase while the endometrium enters the what phase?

A

Ovary Begins the luteal phase while the endometrium enters the secretory phase

60
Q

On Days 1 through 14 what phases are the ovary in endometrium in?

A

Ovary is in follicular and endometrium is in proliferative

61
Q

Days 15 through 28 what phase is over in endometrium in?

A

Ovary is in luteal and endometrium is in secretory

62
Q

In the early proliferative phase what is endometrial thickness?

A

4-8mm

63
Q

In Periovulatory phase what is endometrial thickness?

A

6-10mm

64
Q

In secretory phase what is the endometrial thickness?

A

7-14mm

65
Q

Following Menses how does the endometrium appear?

A

Thin package anticline

66
Q

In the early proliferative phase the endometrium appears how?

A

Academic and then typically measuring 4mm on day 4 and 8 mm on day 8 of the cycle

67
Q

During the late proliferative phase or Periovulatory phase endometrial layer displays what?

A

Stark contrast and can measure between 6 and 10 mm the outer academic basal layer surrounds the more hypoechoic functional layer while the functional layer is separated by the echogenic endometrial stripe AKA three lines sign

68
Q

In the secretory phase how does endometrium appear?

A

Thickened and academic measuring between 7 and 14mm

69
Q

Fertilization typically occurs on what day?

A

15

70
Q

Abnormal uterine bleeding is usually caused by what?

A

Endocrine abnormalities or lesions within the uterus

71
Q

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is usually related to what?

A

Endocrine abnormalities in which hormonal imbalances result in endometrial changes and subsequent abnormal bleeding… fibroid tumors, adenomyosis, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial polyps, endometrial carcinoma

72
Q

Endometrial atrophy is a common occurrence in What patients?

A

Postmenopausal who presented with vaginal bleeding

73
Q

Absence of menstrual period

A

Amenorrhea

74
Q

Monthly symptoms of menstruation without bleeding

A

cryptomenorrhea

75
Q

irregular cycles greater than 35 days apart

A

oligomenorrhea

76
Q

frequent regular cycles but less than 21 days apart

A

polymenorrhea

77
Q
  1. What hormone maintains the thickness of the endometrium after ovulation? a. LH
    b. Estrogen
    c. Progesterone
    d. FSH
A

c

78
Q

Ovulation typically occurs on day — of the menstrual cycle

a. 12
b. 14
c. 16
d. 1

A

B

79
Q 
What structure may be noted on the ovary just prior to ovulation 
A. corpus albicans 
B. corpus luteum 
C. Graafian follicle
D. Blastocyst
A

C

80
Q 
FSH is produced by the 
A. Ovary
B. Endometrium
C. Hypothalmus
D. anterior pituatiary gland
A

C

81
Q 
When the ovary is in the luteal phase, the endometrium is in the 
A. early proliferative
B. periovulatory
C. Late proliferative
D. secretory
A

D

82
Q 
A change in mesntrual bleeding associated with lesions within the uterus related to 
A. DUB
B. AUB
C. PID
D. fibroids
A

AUB

83
Q 
Painful and difficult menstruation is termed 
A. Menorrhagia
B. Dysmenorrhea
C. Metrorrhagia 
D. AMenorrhea
A

Dysmenorrhea

84
Q
  1. The temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the Graafian follicle is the: a. Corpus albicans
    b. Corpus luteum
    c. Cumulus oophorus
    d. Trophoblastic cells
A

B

85
Q
  1. Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy?
    a. FSH
    b. LH
    c. Progesterone
    d. hCGc
A

D

86
Q
  1. An increase in the number of endometrial cells is termed:
    a. Endometrial hyperplasia
    b. Endometrial atrophy c. Endometrial carcinoma
    d. Polyps
A

A

87
Q
  1. Which of the following is said to be a common cause of DUB? a. Hursutism
    b. Polycystic ovary syndrome
    c. Fibroids
    d. Pelvic inflammatory disease
A

B

88
Q 
When the functional layer of the endometrium typically sonographic three-line sign is present, appears 
A. Anechoic 
B. Echogenic 
C. Hypoechoic
D. Complex
A

C

89
Q 
The structure noted within the Graafian follicle containing the developing ovum is the 
A. Corpus Luteum
B. Corpus Albicans
C. Cumulus Oophorus 
D. Theca Internal cells
A

C

90
Q 
Which of the following would not be a cause of AUB 
A. endometrial hyperplasia 
B. Hypothyroidism 
C. Adenomyosis
D. Ovarian torsion
A

D

91
Q 
Which structure remains after the corpus luteum has regressed
A. theca luteal cysts
B. Corpus luteum of pregnancy 
C. Corpus albicans 
D. Cumulus oophorus
A

C

92
Q 
The hormone of the pitutary gland that stimulates follicular development of the ovary is 
A. LH
B. Estrogen 
C. FSH
D. GNRH
A

C.

93
Q 
What structure produces hormones that directly act upon the endometrium to produce varying thickness and sonographic appearances 
A. Hypothalmus
B. Adrenal gland
C. Ovary 
D. Uterus
A

C.

94
Q 
The first phase of the ovarian is the cycle is the 
A. luteal phase 
B. secretory phase 
C. Proliferative phase 
D. Follicular phase
A

D

95
Q 
The hormone produced by the hypothalmus that controls the release of the menstruation by the anterior pituitary gland is \_\_\_ hormones for 
A. FSH
B. Estrogen 
C. GNRH
D. LH
A

C

96
Q 
The dominant follicle prior to ovulation is termed 
A. graafian follicle 
B. Ovarian hyper follcicle 
C. Corpus luteum 
D., Corpus albican
A

A

97
Q 
THe hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta is 
A. Estrogen 
B. Fsh
C. LH
D. HCg
A

D

98
Q 
the hormone that surges at ovulation is 
A. gnrh
b. lh
c. aldosterone 
d. progesterone
A

lh

99
Q

the first phase of the endometrial cycle is the

a. secretory phase
b. follicular phase
c. luteal phase
d. proliferative phase

A

d

100
Q

what is defined as frequent regular cycles but less than 21 days apart

a. hypomenorrhea
b. polymenorrhea
c. menorrhagia
d. cryptomenorrhea

A

b

101
Q 
which hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase stimulates endometrial thickening
A. FSH
B. LH
C. Estrogen
D. Progesterone
A

C

102
Q 
The periovulatory phase may also be referred to as the 
A. early secretory phase 
B. late proliferative phase 
C. Late secretory phase 
D. early proliferative phase
A

B

103
Q 
The corpus luteum primarily releases 
A. estrogen
B. Progesterone 
C. LH
D. FSH
A

B

104
Q 
Which of the following could also be describes as intermenstrual 
A. Metrorrhagia 
B. Polymenorrhea
C. Menometrorrhagia 
D. Menorrhagia
A

A

105
Q 
Ectopic endometrial tissue within the uterus that lead to AUB is termed
A. endometriosis
B. Adenomyosis
C. Fiborids
D. Endometrial hyperplasia
A

B

106
Q 
The arteries within the functional layer of the endo that are altered by the hormones of the ovary and are shed with mesntruation are 
A. arcuate arteries 
B. Radial arteries
C. straight arteries
D.spiral arteries
A

D

107
Q 
During which phase of the endometrial cycle would the endometrium yield the three line sign 
A. late proliferative
B. early proliferative
C. early secretory 
D. Late secretory
A

A

108
Q 
The second phase of the endometrial cycle is the 
A. secretory phase 
B. follicular phase
C. Luteal phase
D. proliferative phase
A

A

109
Q 
Which of the following hormones is released by the ovary during the second half of the menstrual cycle
A. LH
B. FSH
c. hCG
D. progesterone
A

D.

110
Q 
LH is produced by the 
A. ovary
B. endometrium
C. hypothalmus 
D. anterior pituiary gland
A

D

111
Q 
The average menstrual cycle lasts 
A. 45 days 
B. 24 days 
C. 26 days
D. 28 days
A

D

112
Q 
The first menstrual cycle is termed 
A. Amenorrhea 
B. Metrorrhagia 
C. Mittelschmerz 
D. menarche
A

D

113
Q 
The measurement of the endometrium during the early proliferative phase ranges from 
A. 6 to 10 mm 
B. 8 to 12 mm
C. 4 to 8 mm
D. 1 to 2 mm
A

4 to 8 mm

114
Q 
The second phase of the ovarian cycle is called the 
A. follicular phase
B. Luteal phase
C. secretory phase
D. Proliferative phase
A

B

115
Q 
The two hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that impact the mesntrual. cycle are 
A. LH and FSH
B. LH and estrogen
C. progesterone and estrogen
D. FSH and progesterone
A

A

Penny - OB CH (18 decks)

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