Chapter 19 - The menstrual Cycle Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
a change in menstrual bleeding patterns caused by either endocrine abnormalities or lesions within the uterus
A
abnormal uterine bleeding
2
Q
absence of ovulation
A
anovulatory
3
Q
the anterior segement of the pituitary gland, which is responsible for releasing follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone the menstrual cycle
A
anterior pituitary gland
4
Q
degeneration of a follicle
A
atresia (ovarian follicle)
5
Q
the stage at which the conceptus implants within the decidualized endometrium
A
blastocyst
6
Q
the remaining structure of the corpus luteum after its deterioriation
A
corpus albicans
7
Q
the structure that contains the developing oocyte
A
cumulus oophorus
8
Q
a change in menstrual bleeding pattens related to hormonal imbalances, resulting in endometrial changes and subsequent abnormal bleeding
A
dystfunctional uterine bleeding
9
Q
the degeneration of the endometrium with advancing age, most often seen in postmenopausal women
A
endometrial atrophy
10
Q
cancer of the endometrium
A
endometrial carcinoma
11
Q
an increase in the number of endometrial cells
A
endometrial hyperplasia
12
Q
small nodules of hyperplastic enodmetrial tissue
A
endometrial polyps
13
Q
the hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase that initiates the proliferation and thickening of the endometrium
A
estrogen
14
Q
the fingerlike extensions of the fallopian tube located on the infundibilum
A
fimbria
15
Q
small, round group of cells
A
follicle
16
Q
the hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes the development of multiple folicles on the ovaries
A
FSH - follcile stimulating hormone
17
Q
the first phase of the ovarian cycle
A
follicular phase
18
Q
the hormone released by the hypothalmus that stimulated the pituitary gland to release the hormones that regulate the female menstrual cycle
A
gondaotropin-releasing hormone
19
Q
the area within the brain that is located just beneath the thalamus, & controls the release of hormones by the pituitary gland
A
hypothalamus
20
Q
the complex interactions that take place between the hypothalmus, pituitary gland, and ovaries as part of the reproductive cycle
A
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
21
Q
a vaginal anomaly in which the hymen he’s no opening, resulting in an obstruction of the vagina
A
Imperforate hymen
22
Q
the second phase of the of the ovarian cycle
A
luteal phase
23
Q
the hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that surges around day 14 of the menstrual cycle, resulting in ovulation
A
luteinizing hormone
24
Q
the first menstrual cycle
A
menarche
25
menstrual bleeding
menses
26
pain at time of ovulation
mittelschmerz
27
another name for the late proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle , which occurs around the time of ovulation
periovulatory phase
28
failure to experience menarche before age 16
primary amonrrhea
29
a hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy, maintains pregnancy, and promotes development of the mammary glands; primarily produced by the ovary and placenta
progesterone
30
the multiplication of similar forms
proliferation
31
the first phase of the endometrial cycle
proliferative phase
32
the cessation of the menstruation characteristically diagnosed in the postmenarchal woman who has had 3 to 6 months without a menstrual cycle
secondary amenorrhea
33
the second phase of the endometrial cycle
secretory phase
34
the trophoblastic cells surrounding the blastocyst that are responsible for producing human chorionic gonadotropin
syncytiotrophoblastic cells
35
cells of the follicle that produce estrogen
theca internal cells
36
the periovulatory endometrial sonographic appearance in which the outer echogenic basal layer surrounds the more hypoechoic functional layer, with the functional layer sperated by the echogenic endometrial stripe
three-line sign
37
The first day of the menstrual cycle is said to occur on what?
1st day of bleeding
38
Ovulation typically occurs around what day?
14
39
What day is the menstrual cycle correlate with Menses at which time the endometrium is shed?
1 through 5
40
With menarche what may be influenced?
Environment and diet
41
Primary amenorrhea may be caused by what
congenital abnormalities or congenital obstruction such as imperforate hymen
42
Secondary amenorrhea may be associated with what
Endocrinologic abnormalities or pregnancy, secondary amenorrhea that is not associated with pregnancy is characteristically diagnosed and the postmenarcheal woman who has had at least 12 months without a menstrual cycle
43
What is the responsibility of the hypothalamus?
Regulate and release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland the hypothalamus achieves this function by releasing its own hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone which in turn stimulates the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland
44
The pituitary gland AKA? Located where? Responsible for?
Master gland, endocrine gland located within the brain that consists of an anterior and posterior lobe, anterior lobe responsible for the release of two hormones follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, FSH causes the development of multiple follicles in the ovaries, LH surges around day 14 of the menstrual cycle which results in ovulation
45
The ovary produces what two hormones during the menstrual cycle?
Estrogen and progesterone
46
Estrogen is produced throughout the menstrual cycle it is initially produced by what?
Theca internal cells of the secondary follicles during the first part of the menstrual cycle, during this phase estrogen initiates the proliferation and thickness of the endometrium by encouraging the growth and expansion of spiral arteries and glands within the functional layer of the endometrium, oxygen has many other important functions, regeneration of the endometrium after Menses and induction of salt and water retention, simulates contractile emotions within the uterine myometrium and Fallopian tubes, during second half dimensional cycle following ovulation progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum of the ovary, progesterone is responsible for maintaining the thickness of the endometrium and inducing its secretory activity as it is prepared for implantation
47
The ovarian cycle consists of what two phases?
Follicular phase and luteal phase
48
The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle is considered to begin on what day and last until what day?
Begins on day one and lasts until day 14 thus in effect with ovulation
49
During the follicular phase the anterior pituitary gland secretes what which initiates the follicular development of the ovary many follicles are produced by the ovary?
FSH
50
Around what day is LH produced by the anterior pituitary gland which stimulates ovulation at which time the graafian follicle which is grown ruptures and expels a small amount of fluid and the ovum into the peritoneal?
14
51
The second phase of the ovarian cycle days 15 to 28 is termed what phase?
Luteal
52
The basal layer is slightly altered during the menstrual cycle and consist of what?
Dense cellular stroma
53
The endometrial cycle consists of what two phases?
Proliferative & secretory
54
What phase of the endometrial cycle occurs after menstruation and lasts until ovulation?
Proliferative
55
What phase of the endometrial cycle occurs after ovulation and is stimulated by progesterone?
Secretory
56
What maintains the thickness of the endometrium in preparation for implantation?
Progesterone
57
These 1 through 5 of the menstrual cycle correlate with Menses at which this time the endometrium is what?
Shed
58
Following Menses the ovary is in what phase while the endometrium is in what phase?
Ovary is in the follicular phase while the endometrium is in the proliferative phase
59
Following ovulation the ovary Begins the what phase while the endometrium enters the what phase?
Ovary Begins the luteal phase while the endometrium enters the secretory phase
60
On Days 1 through 14 what phases are the ovary in endometrium in?
Ovary is in follicular and endometrium is in proliferative
61
Days 15 through 28 what phase is over in endometrium in?
Ovary is in luteal and endometrium is in secretory
62
In the early proliferative phase what is endometrial thickness?
4-8mm
63
In Periovulatory phase what is endometrial thickness?
6-10mm
64
In secretory phase what is the endometrial thickness?
7-14mm
65
Following Menses how does the endometrium appear?
Thin package anticline
66
In the early proliferative phase the endometrium appears how?
Academic and then typically measuring 4mm on day 4 and 8 mm on day 8 of the cycle
67
During the late proliferative phase or Periovulatory phase endometrial layer displays what?
Stark contrast and can measure between 6 and 10 mm the outer academic basal layer surrounds the more hypoechoic functional layer while the functional layer is separated by the echogenic endometrial stripe AKA three lines sign
68
In the secretory phase how does endometrium appear?
Thickened and academic measuring between 7 and 14mm
69
Fertilization typically occurs on what day?
15
70
Abnormal uterine bleeding is usually caused by what?
Endocrine abnormalities or lesions within the uterus
71
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is usually related to what?
Endocrine abnormalities in which hormonal imbalances result in endometrial changes and subsequent abnormal bleeding... fibroid tumors, adenomyosis, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial polyps, endometrial carcinoma
72
Endometrial atrophy is a common occurrence in What patients?
Postmenopausal who presented with vaginal bleeding
73
Absence of menstrual period
Amenorrhea
74
Monthly symptoms of menstruation without bleeding
cryptomenorrhea
75
irregular cycles greater than 35 days apart
oligomenorrhea
76
frequent regular cycles but less than 21 days apart
polymenorrhea
77
1. What hormone maintains the thickness of the endometrium after ovulation? a. LH
b. Estrogen
c. Progesterone
d. FSH
c
78
Ovulation typically occurs on day --- of the menstrual cycle
a. 12
b. 14
c. 16
d. 1
B
79
```
What structure may be noted on the ovary just prior to ovulation
A. corpus albicans
B. corpus luteum
C. Graafian follicle
D. Blastocyst
```
C
80
```
FSH is produced by the
A. Ovary
B. Endometrium
C. Hypothalmus
D. anterior pituatiary gland
```
C
81
```
When the ovary is in the luteal phase, the endometrium is in the
A. early proliferative
B. periovulatory
C. Late proliferative
D. secretory
```
D
82
```
A change in mesntrual bleeding associated with lesions within the uterus related to
A. DUB
B. AUB
C. PID
D. fibroids
```
AUB
83
```
Painful and difficult menstruation is termed
A. Menorrhagia
B. Dysmenorrhea
C. Metrorrhagia
D. AMenorrhea
```
Dysmenorrhea
84
8. The temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the Graafian follicle is the: a. Corpus albicans
b. Corpus luteum
c. Cumulus oophorus
d. Trophoblastic cells
B
85
9. Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy?
a. FSH
b. LH
c. Progesterone
d. hCGc
D
86
11. An increase in the number of endometrial cells is termed:
a. Endometrial hyperplasia
b. Endometrial atrophy c. Endometrial carcinoma
d. Polyps
A
87
12. Which of the following is said to be a common cause of DUB? a. Hursutism
b. Polycystic ovary syndrome
c. Fibroids
d. Pelvic inflammatory disease
B
88
```
When the functional layer of the endometrium typically sonographic three-line sign is present, appears
A. Anechoic
B. Echogenic
C. Hypoechoic
D. Complex
```
C
89
```
The structure noted within the Graafian follicle containing the developing ovum is the
A. Corpus Luteum
B. Corpus Albicans
C. Cumulus Oophorus
D. Theca Internal cells
```
C
90
```
Which of the following would not be a cause of AUB
A. endometrial hyperplasia
B. Hypothyroidism
C. Adenomyosis
D. Ovarian torsion
```
D
91
```
Which structure remains after the corpus luteum has regressed
A. theca luteal cysts
B. Corpus luteum of pregnancy
C. Corpus albicans
D. Cumulus oophorus
```
C
92
```
The hormone of the pitutary gland that stimulates follicular development of the ovary is
A. LH
B. Estrogen
C. FSH
D. GNRH
```
C.
93
```
What structure produces hormones that directly act upon the endometrium to produce varying thickness and sonographic appearances
A. Hypothalmus
B. Adrenal gland
C. Ovary
D. Uterus
```
C.
94
```
The first phase of the ovarian is the cycle is the
A. luteal phase
B. secretory phase
C. Proliferative phase
D. Follicular phase
```
D
95
```
The hormone produced by the hypothalmus that controls the release of the menstruation by the anterior pituitary gland is ___ hormones for
A. FSH
B. Estrogen
C. GNRH
D. LH
```
C
96
```
The dominant follicle prior to ovulation is termed
A. graafian follicle
B. Ovarian hyper follcicle
C. Corpus luteum
D., Corpus albican
```
A
97
```
THe hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta is
A. Estrogen
B. Fsh
C. LH
D. HCg
```
D
98
```
the hormone that surges at ovulation is
A. gnrh
b. lh
c. aldosterone
d. progesterone
```
lh
99
the first phase of the endometrial cycle is the
a. secretory phase
b. follicular phase
c. luteal phase
d. proliferative phase
d
100
what is defined as frequent regular cycles but less than 21 days apart
a. hypomenorrhea
b. polymenorrhea
c. menorrhagia
d. cryptomenorrhea
b
101
```
which hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase stimulates endometrial thickening
A. FSH
B. LH
C. Estrogen
D. Progesterone
```
C
102
```
The periovulatory phase may also be referred to as the
A. early secretory phase
B. late proliferative phase
C. Late secretory phase
D. early proliferative phase
```
B
103
```
The corpus luteum primarily releases
A. estrogen
B. Progesterone
C. LH
D. FSH
```
B
104
```
Which of the following could also be describes as intermenstrual
A. Metrorrhagia
B. Polymenorrhea
C. Menometrorrhagia
D. Menorrhagia
```
A
105
```
Ectopic endometrial tissue within the uterus that lead to AUB is termed
A. endometriosis
B. Adenomyosis
C. Fiborids
D. Endometrial hyperplasia
```
B
106
```
The arteries within the functional layer of the endo that are altered by the hormones of the ovary and are shed with mesntruation are
A. arcuate arteries
B. Radial arteries
C. straight arteries
D.spiral arteries
```
D
107
```
During which phase of the endometrial cycle would the endometrium yield the three line sign
A. late proliferative
B. early proliferative
C. early secretory
D. Late secretory
```
A
108
```
The second phase of the endometrial cycle is the
A. secretory phase
B. follicular phase
C. Luteal phase
D. proliferative phase
```
A
109
```
Which of the following hormones is released by the ovary during the second half of the menstrual cycle
A. LH
B. FSH
c. hCG
D. progesterone
```
D.
110
```
LH is produced by the
A. ovary
B. endometrium
C. hypothalmus
D. anterior pituiary gland
```
D
111
```
The average menstrual cycle lasts
A. 45 days
B. 24 days
C. 26 days
D. 28 days
```
D
112
```
The first menstrual cycle is termed
A. Amenorrhea
B. Metrorrhagia
C. Mittelschmerz
D. menarche
```
D
113
```
The measurement of the endometrium during the early proliferative phase ranges from
A. 6 to 10 mm
B. 8 to 12 mm
C. 4 to 8 mm
D. 1 to 2 mm
```
4 to 8 mm
114
```
The second phase of the ovarian cycle is called the
A. follicular phase
B. Luteal phase
C. secretory phase
D. Proliferative phase
```
B
115
```
The two hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that impact the mesntrual. cycle are
A. LH and FSH
B. LH and estrogen
C. progesterone and estrogen
D. FSH and progesterone
```
A
