Chapter 25 Fetal Face & Neck Flashcards
Lateral wall of the orbit to the medial wall of the same orbit
ocular diameter
Length between the orbits ; measured from the medial margin of one orbit to the medial margin of the other orbitchromosomes
interlocular diameter
Measurement from the lateral margin of one orbit to the lateral margin of the other orbitlinked with abnormalities and chromosomal aberrations including trisomy 13 and trisomy 18
Binocular diameter
Decrease in the size of the eye
Micropthalmia
Absence of the eyes
Anopthalmia
How does anopthlamia result
failure of the optic vesicle from
increased distance between the orbits
hypertelelorism
the abnormal development of the soft/and or hard palate of the mouth where there is a division in a palate
cleft palate
fusion of the orbits
cyclopia
a mass typically found I the neck region that is the result of an abnormal accumulation of lypmathic fluid within the soft tissue
cystic hygroma
abrnomal swelling of a structure as a result of fluid collection
edema
an oral teratoma
epignathus
a condition in which there is no nose and a proboscis separating two close-set orbits, associated with holoprosencephaly
ethmocephaly
diffuse enlargement of the fetal thyroid gland
fetal goiter
an abnormal accumulation of fluid in at least two fetal body cavities
fetla hydros
a group of brain abnormalities. consisting of varying degrees of fusion of the lateral ventricles absence of the midline structure and associated facial anomalies
holoprosencephaly
increase distance between the orbits widely space orbits
hypertelerosim
reduced distance between the orbits
hypotelorism
the length between the orbits measured from the media margin of one orbit to the medial margin of the other orbit
interocular diameter
an unusual protuberance of the tongue
macroglossia
a small mandible and recessed chin
micrigfnathia
a decrease in the size of the eye
microphtalmia
small ears
microtia
posterior part or nape of there neck
nuchal
a collection of solid tissue on the posterior aspect of the fetal neck
nuchal fold
a measurement taken in the second trimester of the skin on the posterior aspect of the fetral neck
nuchal fold thickness
the anechoic space along the posterior aspect of the fetal neck
nuchal translucency
the measurement from the lateral margin of the orbit to the medial margin of the same orbit
ocular diameter
a tumor that typically consists of several germ layers
teratoma
beggnign congenital cysts located within the midline of the neck superior to the thyroid gland and near the hyoid bone
thyroglossal duct cyst
a chromosomal aberration where one sec chromosome is absent, may also be referred to as monosomy X
turner syndrome
Macroglossia ___ is most commonly associated with
Beckweith - Wiedermann syndrome
Micrognathia is associated with what two Trisomies
Trisomy 13 and 18
Sonographic findings of a cystic hygroma ?
- cystic mass divided in the midline by a thick fibrous band of tissue
- The mass may contain smaller cystic areas with internal separations
The most frequently encountered chromosomal abnormality associated with holoprosencephaly is ?
Trisomy 13
The fetal lip closes by ___
8 weeks
The most common cause of hypertelorism is
Anterior cepalocele
Cleft lip & cleft palate may exist with which of the following factors
- amniotic band syndrome
- holoprosencephaly
- trisomy 13
The optimal scan plane to visualize micrognathia is
Sagittal
A cystic hygroma is the result of
An abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid within the soft tissue
A cystic hygroma is found in all the following conditions except
-Edwards syndrome
-Hydrancephaly
-Turner Syndrome
-All of the above
Hydranencephaly
Nuchal thickening is most commonly associated with
Down syndrome
Micrognathia ia condition found in
Trisomy 18
The most common location of a cystic hygroma is within the
Neck
An unusal protuberance of the tongue is termed
Macroglossia
Facial anomalies when discovered should prompt the Sonographer to the analyze the brain closely for signs of
Holoprosencephaly
A large, mostly cystic mass is noted in the cervical spine region of the fetus. This most likely represents
Cystic hygroma
What is another name for Patau syndrome
Trisomy 13
Close-set and a nose with a single nostril is termed
Cebocephaly
An abnormal division in the lip is refereed to as
Cleft lips
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR TRISOMY 21
DOWN SYNDROME
The thickness of the nuchal fold in the 2nd trimester should not exceed
6mm
All of the following are sonographic findings of holoprosencephaly except?
-cystic hygroma
-proboscis with cyclopia
-fused thalamus
-monoventricle
Cystic hygroma
The palate closes by
12 weeks
nuchal translucency is typically measured when?
between 11 and 14 weeks
nuchal fold is measured anywhere between ______ weeks and _____ weeks?
15-19 weeks
Congenital anomalies of the face affect 1 in ___ births
600
What are 5 congenital anomalies of the face ?
Cleft lip, hypotelorism , hypertelrosim, micrognathia, cleft palate
After how many weeks do we need to image the face as part of a routine protocol
after 12 weeks
What images can be taken in the coronal view
Orbits
Face
Nose/lips
WHat images can be taken in the transverse view
Orbits
What images can be taken in the long view
profile
Most common facial anomaly
cleft lip
is it hard to asses clef lip or cleft palate on u/s
cleft palate
The absence of the eyes is termed
The isolated enlargement of the fetal thyroid is referred to as
A. fetal goiter
B. cystic hygroma
C. lyphamgnioma
D. cervical teratoma
A
The absence of the eyes is termed;:
A. Agyria
B. Epignathus
C. Hypotelorism
D. Anophthalmia
D. Anophthalmia
D
A reduction in the distance between the orbits is referred to as
A. Anophthalmia
B. Micrognathia
C. Hypertelorism
D. Hypotelorism
D. Hypotelorism
D
An increased nuchal fold is most likely associated with:
A. Dandy walker syndrome
B. Trisomy 21
C. Trisomy 3
D. Nuchal cord
B
The most frequently encountered chromosomal abnormality associated with holoprosencephaly:
A. Triploidy
B. Trisomy 21
C. Trisomy 18
D. Trisomy 13
D
What is the term for a smaller than normal ear?
A. Microphthalmia
B. Micronathia
C. Microtia
D. Micrognathia
C
The fetal lip typically closes by
A. 18 weeks
B. 8 weeks
C. 13 weeks
D. 6 weeks
B. 8 weeks
The most common cause of hypertelorism is:
A. Dandy-Walker malformation
B. Anencephaly
C. Anterior cephalocele
D. Holoprosencepphaly
C
Macroglossia is most commonly found with:
A. Anencephaly
B. Holoprosencephaly
C. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrom
D. Cystic hygroma
C
An oral teratoma is referred to as:
A. Macroglossia
B. Epignathus
C. Micrognathia
D. Ethmocephaly
B
There is a definite link between microtia and what syndrom?
A. Rays syndrome
B. VACTERL syndrome
C. Down syndrome
D. Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
C
Which of the following would be most difficult to detect sonographically?
A. Cleft lip and cleft palate
B. Isolated cleft lip
C. Isolation cleft palate
D. Isolated median cleft
C
An increase distance between the orbits is referred to as:
A. Hypotelorism
B. Hypertelorism
C. Anophthalmia
D. Micrognathia
B
The optimal scan plane to visualized micrognathia is:
A. Transverse
B. Axial
C. Sagittal
D. Coronal
C
A cystic hygroma is the result of:
A. Alcohol consumption in the first trimester
B. An abnormal developement of the roof of the fourth ventricle
C. Occlusion of the internal carotid arteries
D. An abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid within the soft tissue
D
Which of following would most likely involve the development of a cystic hygroma?
A. Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome
B. Hydranencephaly
C. Turner syndrome
D. Klinefelter syndrome
C
Which of the following may also be referred to as Turner syndrome?
A. Down syndrome
B. Trisomy 15
C. Trisomy 13
D. Trisomy X
D
Nuchal thickening is most commonly associated with:
A. Patau syndrome
B.Hydranenceephaly
C. Down dyndrome
D. Cebocephaly
C
Micrognathia is a condition found in:
A) Dandy-Walker complex
B) Hydranencephaly
C) Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
D) Trisomy 18
D
The most common location of a cystic hygroma is within the:
A. Axilla
B. Neck
C. Chest
D. Groin
B
An absent or hypoplastic nasal bone is most likely associated with:
A. Trisomy 21
B. Trisomy 15
C. Trisomy 18
D. Turner syndrome
A
An unusual protuberance of the tongue is termed:
A) Epignathus
B) Macrognathia
C) Pharyngoglossia
D) Macroglossia
D
Facial anomalies, when discovered,should prompt the sonographer to analyze the brain closely for signs of:
A. Holoprosencephaly
B. Dandy-Walker malformation
C. Schizencephaly
D. Hydranencephaly
A
The measurement obtained between the laterall walls of the orbits is referred to as the:
A. Interocular diameter
B. Binocular diameter
C. Ocular diameter
D. Biparietal diameter
B
Which of the following is a benign congenital neck cyst found most often near the angle of the mandible?
A. Epignathus
B. Brachial cleft cyst
C. Thyroglossal duct cyst
D. Fetal goiter
B
A large, mostly cystic mass containing a thick, midline sectarian is noted in the cervical spine region of the fetus. This must likely represents a(n):
A. Sacrococcygeal terstoma
B. Cystic hygroma
C. Cephocele
D. Anophthalmia
B
a group of abnormalities associated with the entrapment of fetal parts and fetal amputations is:
A. Cystic hygroma
B. Edward’s syndrome
C. Ethmocephaly
D. Amniotic band syndrome
D
A growth disorder syndrome synonymous with organ, skull, and tongue enlargement is:
A. Klinefelter syndrome
B. Apert syndrome
C. Meckle-Gruber syndrome
D. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
D
Which of the following is also referred to as Patau syndrome
A. Trisomy 18
B. Trisomy 21
C. Trisomy 12
D. Trisomy 13
D
Close set eyes and a nose with a single nostril is termed:
A) Cebocephaly
B) Cyclopia
C) Ethmocephaly
D) Epignathus
A
which of the following conditions does not affect the orbits?
A. Cebocephaly
B. Cyclopia
C. Ethmocephaly
D. Epignathus
D
An abnormal division in the lip is referred to as
A. micrognathia
B. cleft lip
C. anophtalmia
D. cebocephaly
B
At what level is the nuchal fold measurement obtained?
A. cavum septum pellucid
B. occipital horns of the lateral ventricle
C. brain stem
D. foramen magna
A
Fusion of the orbits is termed
A. microglossia
B. cebocephaly
C. cyclopia
D. ethomocephaly
C
WHat also referred to as trisomy 21
Down syndrome
the thickness of the nuchal fold in the second trimester should not exceed
6mm
A small mandible is termed
Micrognathia
The condiiton in which where is no nose and a proboscis separating two close set orbits is
Ethmocephaly
all of the following are sonographic features of holoprosencephaly except:
A. Cystic hygroma
B. Proboscis with cyclopia
C. Fused thalassemia
D. Monoventricle
A
the nuclal fold measurement is typically obtained:
Between 15 weeks and 21 weeks
