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Biology 212 > Chapter 31 > Flashcards

Chapter 31 Flashcards

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1
Q

Animals share a common ___ ancestor

A

choanoflagellate

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2
Q

Sponges are assigned to a ___ group, ___ due to asymmetry and simple body plans

A

basal group, Parazoa

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3
Q

Animals with true tissues are classified as

A

Eumetazoa

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4
Q

Sponges are apart of phylum

A

Porifera

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5
Q

___ are aquatic feeders, primarily marine

A

Poriferans

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6
Q

Characteristics of Sponges

A
  1. Flagellated collar cells
  2. Larvae have flagella; adults are sessile
  3. Cells do not form true tissues
  4. Water circulates in three types of canal systems (Asconoid, Syconoid, Leuconoid)
  5. Fibrous part of the sponge skeleton consists of a form of spongin
  6. Gas exchange and excretion depend on diffusion
  7. Sponges do not have specialized nerve cells
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7
Q

Sponges reproduce by ___ and ___

A

Sponges reproduce by fragmentation and sexually

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8
Q

most sponges are ___

A

hermaphrodites

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9
Q

Three main groups of sponges

A
  1. Calcareous sponges
  2. Glass sponges
  3. Demosponges
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10
Q

Calcareous sponges

A

class: Calcarea

Skeleton either mesh or honeycomb structure

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11
Q

Glass sponges

A

class: Hexactinellidae

six ray

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12
Q

Demosponges

A

Class: Demospongiae

People sponge

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13
Q

Class Demospongiae

A

Freshwater: found in clean ponds and streams in eastern North America

Siliceous spicules with one to four rays and/or spongin fibers

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14
Q

Cnidarians are apart of phylum

A

Cnidaria

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15
Q

___ are mostly marine animals with radial symmetry

A

Cnidarians

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16
Q

Cnidarians have a ___ and ___ body shapes

A

Polyp and medusa

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17
Q

___ contain stinging nematocysts

A

Cnidocytes

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18
Q

Gastrovascular cavity has a single opening that serves as both ___ and ___

A

mouth and anus

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19
Q

Cnidarians are

A

diploblastic

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20
Q

Cnidarians Nerve cells form

A

nerve nets

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21
Q

Cnidarians have a ___ skeleton

A

hydrostatic skeleton

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22
Q

Cnidarian body plan: Nervous systes

A

Lack a Centralized nervous system

Nerve net

Medusa have more complex nervous system with sense organs

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23
Q

Nerve net Cnidarian Body Plan

A

one between the epidermis and the mesoglea and another between the gastrodermis and the mesoglea

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24
Q

Coral Reefs consist of

A

corals and red algae

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25
Q

one-fourth of all marine species depend on ___ ___

A

coral reefs

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26
Q

coral bleaching

A

stress induced loss of symbiotic algae

without their algae, corals become malnourished and die

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27
Q

Lophotrochozoa is a clade that includes

A

Flatworms, rotifers, nemerteans, mollusks, annelids and the lophophorate phyla

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28
Q

most Lophotrochozoa have ___ symmetry

A

bilateral

at least in larval stages

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29
Q

most lophotrochozoa are ___, have a true ___ and a ___ body plan, and exhibit ___

A

most lophotrochozoa are triploblastic, have a true coelom and a tube-within-a-tube body plan, and exhibit cephalization

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30
Q

Flatworms are a part of phylum

A

Platyhelminthes

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31
Q

flatworms are ___ with simple, bilateral symmetry

A

acoelomates

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32
Q

Flatworms have a simple nervous systes

A

consisting of two masses of nervous tissue (ganglia) connected to two nerve cords

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33
Q

Flatworm sense organs

A

include simple eyespots and organs of balance (statocysts)

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34
Q

Flatworms have a ___ cavity with only ___ opening

A

Flatworms have a gastrovascular cavity with only one opening, a mouth

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35
Q

flatworms have no organs for___

A

circulation or gas exchange

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36
Q

Four classes of Flatworms

A
  1. Class Turbellaria (Free-living flatworms)
  2. Class Trematoda (flukes)
  3. Class Monogenea (flukes)
  4. Class Cestoda (Tapeworms)
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37
Q

___ and ___ are highly adapted to and modified for their parasitic lifestyle

A

Flukes and tapeworms are highly adapted to and modified for their parasitic lifestyle

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38
Q

Trematoda

A

All are endoparasites

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39
Q

two subclasses of class trematoda

A
  1. Aspidogastrea (have only one host)

2. Digenea (have at least two hosts)

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40
Q

Mollusks are apart of phyllum

A

Mollusca

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41
Q

mollusks include

A

clams, oysters, snails ,slugs, octopods, and squids

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42
Q

six basic characteristics of Mollusca

A
  1. soft body
  2. broad, flat, muscular foot
  3. body organs concentrated as a visceral mass
  4. a pair of folds that overhangs the visceral mass forming a mantle cavity that contains gills or a lung
  5. a rasplike radula in the mouth region
  6. a reduced coelom around the heart and metanephridia; and a hemocoel
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43
Q

Foot of phylum Mollusca

A

Ventral body wall specialized for locomotion and burrowing

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44
Q

Mantle of phylum Mollusca

A

Dorsal body wall that secretes spicules, shell plates, or shells

45
Q

Siphon of phylum Mollusca

A

rolled extension of mantle to bring water into and out of aquatic molluscs and as inhalant tube in terrestrial gastropods

46
Q

Visceral Mass of phylum Mollusca

A

grouping of internal organs (viscera)

47
Q

Mantle Cavity of phylum Mollusca

A

houses visceral mass; opens to outside for gas exchange, excretion, elimination of digestive wastes, and release of reproductive cells

48
Q

Radula of phylum Mollusca

A

File-like set of hooked teeth

49
Q

Mollusks have an open ___ ___

A

circulatory system

50
Q

___ and ___ have a closed circulatory system in which blood flows through a complete circuit of blood vessels

A

squids and octopods

51
Q

Most marine mollusks pass through a ___ larva stage

A

trochopore larva stage

52
Q

In many ___ and ___, the trochopore larva develops into a ___ larva, unique to the mollusks

A

In many gastropods and bivalves, the trochopore larva develops into a veliger larva, unique to the mollusks

53
Q

Annelids are in phylum

A

Annelida

54
Q

Annelids include

A

polychaetes, earthworms, leeches

55
Q

characteristics of Annelids

A
  1. Segmented worms with bilateral symmetry
  2. Tubular body
  3. Segments are seperated by internal septa
56
Q

Annelid NS

A

NS consists of a ventral nerve cord and a pair of ganglia (simple brain)

57
Q

Annelids have a ___ circulatory system

A

Closed

58
Q

Annelids have a ___ digestive tract

A

complete

59
Q

annelid respiration

A

is cutaneous

60
Q

each segment of an annelid has

A

a pair of metanephridia

61
Q

Rotifers are a part of phylum

A

Rotifera

62
Q

Characteristics of Rotifers

A

Crown cilia on their anterior end that beat rapidly during swimming and feeding

63
Q

Rotifers have a ___ digestive tract

A

complete

64
Q

Rotifers NS

A

“brain” and sens organs, eyespots

65
Q

Rotifers have ___ with ___ cells remove excess water

A

Rotifers have Protonephridia with flame cells

66
Q

Rotifers have no true ___

A

coelom but may have evolved from animals with a true coelom

67
Q

Ecdysozoa includes

A

nematodes and arthropods

68
Q

Ecdysozoa are characterized by

A

a noncellular body covering secreted by the epidermis (cuticle), which undergoes ecdysis

69
Q

ecdysis

A

molting

process by which an animal sheds its outer covering which is then replaced by growth of a new one

70
Q

Nematodes are a part of phylum

A

nematoda

71
Q

Nematodes characteristics

A

roundworms have a cylindrical, threadlike body, pointed at both ends, covered with a protective cuticle that is shed periodically

72
Q

Nematodes have a ___ filled pseudocoelom which acts as a ___ ___

A

nematodes have a fluid-filled pseudocoelom which acts as a hydrostatic skeleton

73
Q

Nematodes symmetry

A

Bilateral symmetry

74
Q

nematodes have a ___ digestive tract

A

complete digestive tract

75
Q

Nematodes have no specific ___ sttructures

A

nematodes have no specific circulatory structures

76
Q

Nematodes include

A

decomposers, predators of smaller organisms, and parasites

77
Q

parasitic nematodes

A
  1. Hookworms
  2. Pinworms
  3. trichina
78
Q

Hookworms

A

attach to the lining of the intestine and suck blood, causing tissue damage and blood loss

79
Q

Pinworms

A

commonly found in children

tiny pinworm eggs are ingested by eating with contaminated hands

80
Q

Trichina

A

worm lives inside a variety of animals

humans become infected by eating undercooked, infected meat

81
Q

Arthropods are a part of phylum

A

Arthropoda

82
Q

___ are the most biologically successful group of animals

A

arthropods

83
Q

Arthropods have a ___ circulatory system

A

open circulatory system

hemolymph flows into large spaces that make up the hemocoel; return to the heart through ostia in its walls

84
Q

Digestive system of Arthropods

A

similar to that of earthworms

85
Q

Arthropods have a small coelom which

A

contains organs of the reproductive system

86
Q

Important arthropod adaptations

A
  1. Segmentation
  2. Hard exoskeleton
  3. Paired, jointed appendages
  4. A variety of effective sense organs, including antennae and compound eyes composed of many light-sensitive ommatidia
87
Q

Arthropods exoskeleton

A

makes specialized respiratory systems for gas exchange

88
Q

Most aquatic arthropods have

A

gills

89
Q

some terrestrial forms have ___ or ___ tubes; other, ___ book lungs

A

some terrestrial forms have tracheae or tracheal tubes; other, platelike book lungs

90
Q

shedding the exoskeleton =

A

a net metabolic loss

molting make arthropod temporarily vulnerable to predators

91
Q

Crayfish Respiratory

A

layers of featherlike gills

92
Q

Spiders Respiratory

A

book lungs (folds incirease surface area)

93
Q

Insects respiratory

A

spiracles (holes in abdomen) and tracheal tubes for breathing

94
Q

Ecdysis

A

process of molting old exoskeleton

95
Q

four steps of Ecdysis

A
  1. Preecdysis
  2. molting gel
  3. New exoskeleton
  4. expansion
96
Q

Preecdysis

A

animal hides and is inactive

apolysis: hormones breakdown old procuticle

97
Q

Molting gel

A

space between old exoskeleton and hypodermis fills with fluid

98
Q

new exoskeleton

A

hypodermis begins to secrete

99
Q

expansion (Ecdysis)

A

animal takes in air and water splitting old exoskeleton and arthropod wriggles out

100
Q

Arthropods evolved rapidly during which period?

A

cambrian radiation

101
Q

Insecta are a part of Subphylum

A

Hexapoda

102
Q

Insects are

A

articulated, tracheated hexapods

103
Q

insect body consists of three parts

A

head, thorax and abdomen

104
Q

insects have uniramous appendages

A

Three pairs of legs that extend from the thorax- many have one or two pairs of wings

105
Q

Bodily characteristics of insects

A
  1. One pair of antennae
  2. simple and compound eyes
  3. complex mouthparts adapted for piercing, chewing, sucking or lapping
106
Q

tracheal system of insecta

A

air enters tracheal tubes through spiracles in the body wall

107
Q

excretion: class insecta

A

malpighian tubules receive metabolic wastes from the blood and discharge them into the intestine

108
Q

The most successful group of animals in terms of number of individuals, number of species, diversity and geographic distribution

A

insects

109
Q

Certain insecta species exist as

A

societies

Biology 212 (14 decks)

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