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Biology 212 > Chapter 29 Fungi > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

All fungi are ___ and ___

A

All fungi are eukaryotes and heterotrophic

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2
Q

Fungi infiltrate and secrete ___ enzymes onto food and digest it outside the body, then ___ the predigested food into the body

A

Fungi infiltrate and secrete digestive enzymes onto food and digest it outside the body, then absorb the predigested food into the body

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3
Q

Fungal cells are enclosed by ___ ___ during at least some stage in their life cycle

A

Cell walls

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4
Q

In most fungi, the cell wall consists of ___ ___ including ___

A

complex carbohydrates including chitin

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5
Q

Most fungi are ___ except ___

A

most fungi are multicellular except yeast

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6
Q

hypha

A

branching gilaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

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7
Q

body for of a fungus

A

multicellular

consists of hyphae that form a mycelium

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8
Q

molds

A

fungi that form mycelia

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9
Q

in most fungi, ___ are divided into individual cells containing one or more ___

A

in most fungi, hyphae are divided into individual cells containing one or more nuclei

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10
Q

Septa of many fungi have a ___ large enough to permit ___ to flow from cell to cell

A

Pore

organelles

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11
Q

most fungi reproduce by means of ___, ___ ___

A

microscopic, nonmotile spores

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12
Q

Spores are dispersed by

A

wind, water or animals

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13
Q

Spores are produced ___ or ___

A

asexually (yeast) or sexually

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14
Q

sexually produced spore

A

produced on specialized aerial hyphae or in fruiting structures

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15
Q

sporangia

A

structures in which spores are produced

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16
Q

the aerial hyphae of some fungi produce spores in large, complex reproductive structures called

A

fruiting bodies

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17
Q

the familiar part of a mushroom is a large

A

fruiting body

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18
Q

Yeasts repoduce by

A

Budding

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19
Q

budding

A

spores produced by mitosis and then released

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20
Q

Most fungi reproduce ___ and contain ___ nuclei

A

Most fungi reproduce sexually and contain haploid nuclei

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21
Q

monokaryotic

A

hyphae that contain only one nucleus per cell

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22
Q

dikaryotic

A

Hyphae that contain two genetically distinct nuclei within each cell

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23
Q

Presence of a dikaryotic stage is a defining character of phyla ___ and ___

A

ascomycetes and basidiomycetes

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24
Q

fungi are more closely related to ___ than to plants

A

animals

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25
Q

like animals, fungi have platelike ___ in their mitochondria

A

cristae

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26
Q

Genetic and structural similarities support grouping fungi with ___ and animals in the ___ clade

A

Genetic and structural similarities support grouping fungi with choanoflagellates and animals in the opisthokont clade

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27
Q

Five main groups of fungi

A
  1. Chytidiomycota
  2. Zygotmycota
  3. Glomeromycota
  4. Ascomycota
  5. Basidiomycota
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28
Q

about 95% of named fungi belong to phyla

A

ascomycota and basidiomycota

29
Q

chytridiomycetes

A
  1. Only fungi with flagellate cells
  2. unicellular or have a simple body composed of a few cell which may have rhizoids that absorb food
  3. most are decomposers (such as parasites)
  4. A parasitic chytrid is partly responsible for declining amphibian populations
30
Q

Zygomycetes

A
  1. not a monophyletic group
  2. most are decomposers
  3. some form symbiotic mycorrhizae
  4. a few cause disease in plants and animals
31
Q

Microsporidia

A

small unicellular parasites that infect eukaryotic cells

32
Q

decelopmental stages of microsporidia inside their host

A
  1. feeding stage

2. Repoductive stage

33
Q

Spores of the microsporidia

A

each spore has a long, threadlike polar tube used to inject the contents of the spore into the host cell

34
Q

microsporidia may be th

A

smallest and simplest eukaryotes

35
Q

Microsporidia lack

A

mitochoondria, flagella, and golgi complexes

36
Q

microsporidia ribosomes resemble

A

those of prokaryotes

37
Q

microsporidia genomes

A

smaller than bacterial genomes

38
Q

Glomeromycetes

A
  1. Have coenocytic hyphae
  2. reproduce asexually with large, multinucleate blastospores
  3. Endomycorrhizal fungi
39
Q

endomycorrhizal fungi

A

symbionts that form mycorrhizae with the roots of most trees and herbaceous plants

40
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

most widespread endomycorrhizae

hyphae inside the root cells form tree-shaped structures (arbuscules)

41
Q

roots supply the fungus with

A

organic nutrients

42
Q

fungus provides the plant with

A

nutrient minerals

43
Q

growth of plant in phosphate-deficient soil is enhanced by a

A

fungal partner

44
Q

some fungi also release ___ that protect plants from herbivores and pathogens

A

alkaloids

45
Q

Ascomycetes

A
  1. most yeasts, powdery mildews, blue-green, pink and brown molds, decomposer cup fungi, and edible morels and truffels
  2. used to flavor cheeses, bake break, ferment alcohol, and as foods
  3. scientists use ascomycetes to produce antibiotics and as model organisms for cellular processes
46
Q

Many ascomycetes form

A

mycorrhizae with tree roots, or join with green algae or cyanobacteria to form lichens

47
Q

ascomycetes are the cause of

A

most fungal diseases of plants and animals including humans

48
Q

ascomycetes are called

A

sac fungi because their sexual spores are produced in microscopic sacs called asci

49
Q

Reproduction of yeasts

A

asexual reproduction is mainly by budding

reproduction sexually by forming ascospores

50
Q

sexual reproduction of yeast

A

two haploid yeasts form a diploid zygote, which undergoes meiosis, resulting in haploid nuclei incorporated into ascospores

51
Q

Basidiomycetes

A
  1. mushrooms, bracket fungi, and puffballs

2. many are decomposers, some form mycorrhizae, others infect important crops, a few cause human disease

52
Q

basidiomycetes are also called

A

club fungi because of their microscopic club-shaped basidia, which are comparable in function to the asci of ascomycetes

53
Q

Ecological importance of fungi

A
  1. Digest cellulose and lignin
  2. decompose animal carcasses, feces, branches, logs, and leaves
  3. Recycle, water, carbon, and minerals
54
Q

Cattle digest cellulose and lignin with

A

gut fungi

55
Q

ants disperse

A

fungi

56
Q

fungi digest ___for ants

A

leaves

57
Q

mycorrhizal fungi decompose ___ material; increase ___ ___ of roots

A

mycorrhizal fungi decompose organic material; increase surface area of roots

58
Q

Cells of fungi and plant roots communicate

A
  1. signaling molecules stimulate fungal cells to shift to a presymbiotic growth phase
  2. A signaling pathway activates gene expression in the root cells
59
Q

Glomeromycetes form ___ connections

A

endomycorrhizal

60
Q

ascomycetes and basidiomycetes form

A

ectomycorrhizal connections

61
Q

Lichen

A

a combination of a fungus and a photoautotroph

62
Q

Typically, fungus forms most of lichen ___

A

thallus

63
Q

The photoautotroph produces ___ carbon compounds for the fungus, but unclear how the photoautotroph benefits

A

The photoautotroph produces energy-rich carbon compounds for the fungus, but unclear how the photoautotroph benefits

64
Q

Lichens secrete

A

acid that etches rock, releasing minerals

65
Q

3 types of lichens

A
  1. Crustose
  2. Foliose
  3. Fruticose
66
Q

Crustose

A

lichens are flat and grow tightly against a surface

67
Q

Foliose

A

lichens have leaflike lobes

68
Q

Fruticose

A

lichens grow erect and have many branches

Biology 212 (14 decks)

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