chapter 28

Question 1

Gymnosperms and angiosperms reproduce by ____

Answer 1

Gymnosperms and angiosperms reproduce by seeds

Question 2

Each seed has:

Answer 2

1. An embryonic sporophyte
2. Nutritive tissue
3. Protective coat

Question 3

Advantages of seeds over spores

Answer 3

1. Further along in development
2. Abundant food supply
3. Protected by a multicellular seed coat

Question 4

___ Gametophyte is attached to and nutritionally dependent on the ___ generation

Answer 4

Female gametophyte is attached to and nutritionally dependent on the sporophyte generation

Question 5

All seed plants are ___

Answer 5

All seed plants are heterosporous

Question 6

seed plants have ___ ___

Answer 6

Seed plants have vascular tissue

Question 7

Seed plants produce ___

Answer 7

Seed plants produce ovules

Question 8

Ovules are ____ surrounded by layers of___ tissue that enclose the ___

Answer 8

Ovules are Megasporangium surrounded by layers of sporophyte tissue that enclose the Megasporangium

Question 9

After fertilization, ___ develops into a seed, ___ develop into the seed coat

Answer 9

After fertilization, ovule develops into a seed, integuments develop into the seed coat

Question 10

Seed plants are divided into two groups based on presence of an ___ ___

Answer 10

Seed plants are divided into two groups based on presence of an ovary wall

Question 11

Gymnosperms

Answer 11

have seeds that are totally exposed or borne on scales of cones

no ovary wall surrounds the ovules

Question 12

angiosperms

Answer 12

flowering plants that produce seeds within a mature ovary (fruit)

Question 13

Four phyla of gymnosperms

Answer 13

1. Coniferous
2. Ginkgophyta
3. Cycadophyta
4. Gnetophyta

Question 14

conifers

Answer 14

woody trees or shrubs that produce annual additions of secondary tissues

many produce resins

most have long, narrow, tough, needles; some have small, scalelike leaves

most are evergreen; a few are deciduous

Question 15

most conifers are ___

Answer 15

most conifers are monoecious; reproductive parts are borne in male and female strobili (cones)

Question 16

monoecious

Answer 16

Have separate male and female reproductive parts in different locations on the same plant

Question 17

A male cone consists of ___ that bear sporangia on the underside

Answer 17

A male cone consists of sporophylls that bear sporangia on the underside

Question 18

microsporangia contain ___, each of which undergoes ___ to form four ___ microspores

Answer 18

microsporangia contain microsporocytes, each of which undergoes meiosis to form four haploid microspores

Question 19

micropores develop into ___ grains consisting of ___ cells

Answer 19

micropores develop into pollen grains consisting of four cells

Question 20

each cone scale of a ___ cone bears two magasporangia on its ___ surface

Answer 20

each cone scale of a female cone bears two magasporangia on its upper surface

Question 21

Within each ____, meiosis of a megasporocyte produces four ___ megaspores

Answer 21

Within each megasporangium, meiosis of a megasporocyte produces four haploid megaspores

Question 22

one megaspore divides by ___, developing into the female gametophyte, which produces an ___ within each of several ____

Answer 22

one megaspore divides by mitosis, developing into the female gametophyte, which produces an egg within each of several archegonia

Question 23

Ginkgo

Answer 23

1. A single extant species (Ginkgo biloba)
2. Leaves are deciduous
3. Flagellate sperm cells and airborne pollen grains
4. Seeds are completely exposed
5. Oldest genus of extant trees

Question 24

Angiosperms

Answer 24

Earth’s dominant plants

Question 25

Angiosperms Reproduce

Answer 25

Sexually by forming flowers; have double fertilization; form seeds within fruits

Question 26

Angiosperm have vessel elements in their ___ and sieve tube elements in their ___

Answer 26

Angiosperm have vessel elements in their xylem and sieve tube elements in their phloem

Question 27

Angiosperms are

Answer 27

Extremely important to human survival

Question 28

angiosperms are earth's ___ ___

Answer 28

angiosperms are earth's dominant plants

Question 29

Phylum Anthophyta is divided into several small classes and two very large classes:

Answer 29

1. monocots | 2. eudicots (dicots)

Question 30

monocots

Answer 30

herbaceous plants with long, narrow leaves that have parallel veins

Question 31

monocots flower parts usually...

Answer 31

flower parts are usually occur in threes

Question 32

monocots seeds have a ___ cotyledon

Answer 32

monocots seeds have a single cotyledon

Question 33

Monocots endosperm is usually present in the ___ ___

Answer 33

Monocots endosperm is usually present in the mature seed

Question 34

Dicots

Answer 34

herbaceous or woody plant with broader leaves than monocots, with netted veins

Question 35

dicots flower parts occur in multiples of

Answer 35

fours or fives

Question 36

dicots seeds have ___ cotyledons

Answer 36

dicots seeds have two cotyledons

Question 37

dicots endosperm is usually ___ in the mature seed

Answer 37

dicots endosperm is usually absent in the mature seed

Question 38

in most monocot stems the vascular bundles are

Answer 38

scattered throughout the ground tissue

Question 39

in most dicot stems the vascular bundles

Answer 39

form a ring

Question 40

monocots have ___ cotyledon

Answer 40

monocots have one cotyledon

Question 41

monocot veins usually are ___

Answer 41

monocot veins usually are parallel

Question 42

monocot vascular bundles are usually ___ arranged

Answer 42

monocot vascular bundles are usually complexly arranged

Question 43

monocots have ___ root systems

Answer 43

monocots have fibrous root systems

Question 44

monocots floral parts usually in multiples of ___

Answer 44

monocots floral parts usually in multiples of three

Question 45

dicots have ___ coltyledons

Answer 45

dicots have two cotyledons

Question 46

dicot veins usually ___

Answer 46

dicot veins usually netlike

Question 47

dicots vascular bundles usually arranged in ___

Answer 47

dicots vascular bundles usually arranged in ring

Question 48

dicots have a ___ usually present

Answer 48

dicots usually have a taproot present

Question 49

dicots floral parts usually in multiples of ___ or ___

Answer 49

dicots floral parts usually in multiples if four or five

Question 50

flowers

Answer 50

reproductive shoots composed of four parts arranged in whorls on the end of a flower stalk (peduncle)

Question 51

only ___ and ___ produce gametes

Answer 51

only stamens and carpels produce gametes

Question 52

layers of floral structure (outside to inside)

Answer 52

sepal petal stamen carpel

Question 53

sepals

Answer 53

make up the lowermost and outermost whorl cover and protect other flower parts in buds

Question 54

petals

Answer 54

the whorl inside the sepals bright colors attract animal pollinators to the flower

Question 55

stamens

Answer 55

the whorl inside the petal

Question 56

each stamen has...

Answer 56

each stamen has a thin filament and saclike anther where meiosis occurs and microspores develop into pollen grains

Question 57

carpels

Answer 57

the center whorl of most flowers closed "females" reproductive organs, bearing ovules that develop into seeds

Question 58

each pistil has three sections:

Answer 58

1. stigma 2. style 3. ovary

Question 59

stigma

Answer 59

where the pollen grain lands

Question 60

style

Answer 60

through which the pollen tube grows

Question 61

ovary

Answer 61

contains one or more ovules

Question 62

after fertilization the ___ develops into a ___ and the ovary develops into a ___

Answer 62

after fertilization the ovule develops into a seed and the ovary develops into a fruit

Question 63

the life cycle of flowering plants includes ___ fertilization

Answer 63

the life cycle of flowering plants include double fertilization

Question 64

double fertilization

Answer 64

One sperm cell fuses with the egg, forming a zygote that grows into an embryo in the seed the second sperm cell fuses with the two haploid polar nuclei of the central cell to form a triploid (3n) cells that grows by mitosis and develops into endosperm

Question 65

endosperm is rich in ___, ___ and ___ that nourishes growing embryo

Answer 65

endosperm is rich in lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates that nourishes growing embryo

Question 66

each seed contains a plant embryo ___, both surrounded by a protective seed coat

Answer 66

each seed contains a plant embryo endosperm, both surrounded by a protective seed coat

Question 67

in monocots, the endosperm is the

Answer 67

in monocots, the endosperm is the main source of food in the mature seed

Question 68

in dicots, the endosperm

Answer 68

in most dicots, the endosperm nourishes the embryo, which stores food in its cotyledons

Question 69

as a seed develops, ___ ___ surrounding it enlarges and develops into a fruit

Answer 69

as seed develops, ovary wall surrounding it enlarges and develops into a fruit

Question 70

Other tissue associated with the ovary may also enlarge to form the ___

Answer 70

Other tissue associated with the ovary may also enlarge to form the fruit

Question 71

fruits protect developing seeds from ___ and aid in ___ of seeds

Answer 71

fruits protect developing seeds from desiccation and aid in dispersal of seeds

Question 72

seeds, fruits, and endosperm increase

Answer 72

likelihood of reproductive success

Question 73

coevolution with pollinators increases

Answer 73

cross-pollination and promotes genetic variation

Question 74

vascular systems with ___ elements and ___ tube elements increase ___

Answer 74

vascular systems with vessel elements and sieve tube elements increase efficiency

Question 75

leaf, stem, and root adaptations allow plants to

Answer 75

live in a variety of habitats

Question 76

progymnosperms had two derived feature:

Answer 76

leaves with branching veins woody tissue

Question 77

several progymnosperm fossils show reproductive structures intermediate between ___ plants and ___ plants

Answer 77

several progymnosperm fossils show reproductive structures intermediate between spore plants and seed plants

Question 78

progymnosperms probably gave rise to

Answer 78

conifers and seed ferns

Question 79

fossil record suggest that flowering plants descended from ___

Answer 79

fossil record suggest that flowering plants descended from gymnosperms

Question 80

Basal angiosperms

Answer 80

flowers but not all contain vessel elements in xylem and phloem ancestral to all flowering plants

Question 81

core angiosperms

Answer 81

all contain vessel elements, other distinguishing molecular traits contains monocots and dicots 97% of extant species