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Biology 212 > chapter 28 > Flashcards

chapter 28 Flashcards

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1
Q

Gymnosperms and angiosperms reproduce by ____

A

Gymnosperms and angiosperms reproduce by seeds

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2
Q

Each seed has:

A
  1. An embryonic sporophyte
  2. Nutritive tissue
  3. Protective coat
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3
Q

Advantages of seeds over spores

A
  1. Further along in development
  2. Abundant food supply
  3. Protected by a multicellular seed coat
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4
Q

___ Gametophyte is attached to and nutritionally dependent on the ___ generation

A

Female gametophyte is attached to and nutritionally dependent on the sporophyte generation

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5
Q

All seed plants are ___

A

All seed plants are heterosporous

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6
Q

seed plants have ___ ___

A

Seed plants have vascular tissue

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7
Q

Seed plants produce ___

A

Seed plants produce ovules

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8
Q

Ovules are ____ surrounded by layers of___ tissue that enclose the ___

A

Ovules are Megasporangium surrounded by layers of sporophyte tissue that enclose the Megasporangium

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9
Q

After fertilization, ___ develops into a seed, ___ develop into the seed coat

A

After fertilization, ovule develops into a seed, integuments develop into the seed coat

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10
Q

Seed plants are divided into two groups based on presence of an ___ ___

A

Seed plants are divided into two groups based on presence of an ovary wall

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11
Q

Gymnosperms

A

have seeds that are totally exposed or borne on scales of cones

no ovary wall surrounds the ovules

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12
Q

angiosperms

A

flowering plants that produce seeds within a mature ovary (fruit)

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13
Q

Four phyla of gymnosperms

A
  1. Coniferous
  2. Ginkgophyta
  3. Cycadophyta
  4. Gnetophyta
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14
Q

conifers

A

woody trees or shrubs that produce annual additions of secondary tissues

many produce resins

most have long, narrow, tough, needles; some have small, scalelike leaves

most are evergreen; a few are deciduous

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15
Q

most conifers are ___

A

most conifers are monoecious; reproductive parts are borne in male and female strobili (cones)

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16
Q

monoecious

A

Have separate male and female reproductive parts in different locations on the same plant

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17
Q

A male cone consists of ___ that bear sporangia on the underside

A

A male cone consists of sporophylls that bear sporangia on the underside

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18
Q

microsporangia contain ___, each of which undergoes ___ to form four ___ microspores

A

microsporangia contain microsporocytes, each of which undergoes meiosis to form four haploid microspores

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19
Q

micropores develop into ___ grains consisting of ___ cells

A

micropores develop into pollen grains consisting of four cells

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20
Q

each cone scale of a ___ cone bears two magasporangia on its ___ surface

A

each cone scale of a female cone bears two magasporangia on its upper surface

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21
Q

Within each ____, meiosis of a megasporocyte produces four ___ megaspores

A

Within each megasporangium, meiosis of a megasporocyte produces four haploid megaspores

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22
Q

one megaspore divides by ___, developing into the female gametophyte, which produces an ___ within each of several ____

A

one megaspore divides by mitosis, developing into the female gametophyte, which produces an egg within each of several archegonia

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23
Q

Ginkgo

A
  1. A single extant species (Ginkgo biloba)
  2. Leaves are deciduous
  3. Flagellate sperm cells and airborne pollen grains
  4. Seeds are completely exposed
  5. Oldest genus of extant trees
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24
Q

Angiosperms

A

Earth’s dominant plants

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25
Q

Angiosperms Reproduce

A

Sexually by forming flowers; have double fertilization; form seeds within fruits

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26
Q

Angiosperm have vessel elements in their ___ and sieve tube elements in their ___

A

Angiosperm have vessel elements in their xylem and sieve tube elements in their phloem

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27
Q

Angiosperms are

A

Extremely important to human survival

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28
Q

angiosperms are earth’s ___ ___

A

angiosperms are earth’s dominant plants

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29
Q

Phylum Anthophyta is divided into several small classes and two very large classes:

A
  1. monocots

2. eudicots (dicots)

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30
Q

monocots

A

herbaceous plants with long, narrow leaves that have parallel veins

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31
Q

monocots flower parts usually…

A

flower parts are usually occur in threes

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32
Q

monocots seeds have a ___ cotyledon

A

monocots seeds have a single cotyledon

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33
Q

Monocots endosperm is usually present in the ___ ___

A

Monocots endosperm is usually present in the mature seed

34
Q

Dicots

A

herbaceous or woody plant with broader leaves than monocots, with netted veins

35
Q

dicots flower parts occur in multiples of

A

fours or fives

36
Q

dicots seeds have ___ cotyledons

A

dicots seeds have two cotyledons

37
Q

dicots endosperm is usually ___ in the mature seed

A

dicots endosperm is usually absent in the mature seed

38
Q

in most monocot stems the vascular bundles are

A

scattered throughout the ground tissue

39
Q

in most dicot stems the vascular bundles

A

form a ring

40
Q

monocots have ___ cotyledon

A

monocots have one cotyledon

41
Q

monocot veins usually are ___

A

monocot veins usually are parallel

42
Q

monocot vascular bundles are usually ___ arranged

A

monocot vascular bundles are usually complexly arranged

43
Q

monocots have ___ root systems

A

monocots have fibrous root systems

44
Q

monocots floral parts usually in multiples of ___

A

monocots floral parts usually in multiples of three

45
Q

dicots have ___ coltyledons

A

dicots have two cotyledons

46
Q

dicot veins usually ___

A

dicot veins usually netlike

47
Q

dicots vascular bundles usually arranged in ___

A

dicots vascular bundles usually arranged in ring

48
Q

dicots have a ___ usually present

A

dicots usually have a taproot present

49
Q

dicots floral parts usually in multiples of ___ or ___

A

dicots floral parts usually in multiples if four or five

50
Q

flowers

A

reproductive shoots composed of four parts arranged in whorls on the end of a flower stalk (peduncle)

51
Q

only ___ and ___ produce gametes

A

only stamens and carpels produce gametes

52
Q

layers of floral structure (outside to inside)

A

sepal
petal
stamen
carpel

53
Q

sepals

A

make up the lowermost and outermost whorl

cover and protect other flower parts in buds

54
Q

petals

A

the whorl inside the sepals

bright colors attract animal pollinators to the flower

55
Q

stamens

A

the whorl inside the petal

56
Q

each stamen has…

A

each stamen has a thin filament and saclike anther where meiosis occurs and microspores develop into pollen grains

57
Q

carpels

A

the center whorl of most flowers

closed “females” reproductive organs, bearing ovules that develop into seeds

58
Q

each pistil has three sections:

A
  1. stigma
  2. style
  3. ovary
59
Q

stigma

A

where the pollen grain lands

60
Q

style

A

through which the pollen tube grows

61
Q

ovary

A

contains one or more ovules

62
Q

after fertilization the ___ develops into a ___ and the ovary develops into a ___

A

after fertilization the ovule develops into a seed and the ovary develops into a fruit

63
Q

the life cycle of flowering plants includes ___ fertilization

A

the life cycle of flowering plants include double fertilization

64
Q

double fertilization

A

One sperm cell fuses with the egg, forming a zygote that grows into an embryo in the seed

the second sperm cell fuses with the two haploid polar nuclei of the central cell to form a triploid (3n) cells that grows by mitosis and develops into endosperm

65
Q

endosperm is rich in ___, ___ and ___ that nourishes growing embryo

A

endosperm is rich in lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates that nourishes growing embryo

66
Q

each seed contains a plant embryo ___, both surrounded by a protective seed coat

A

each seed contains a plant embryo endosperm, both surrounded by a protective seed coat

67
Q

in monocots, the endosperm is the

A

in monocots, the endosperm is the main source of food in the mature seed

68
Q

in dicots, the endosperm

A

in most dicots, the endosperm nourishes the embryo, which stores food in its cotyledons

69
Q

as a seed develops, ___ ___ surrounding it enlarges and develops into a fruit

A

as seed develops, ovary wall surrounding it enlarges and develops into a fruit

70
Q

Other tissue associated with the ovary may also enlarge to form the ___

A

Other tissue associated with the ovary may also enlarge to form the fruit

71
Q

fruits protect developing seeds from ___ and aid in ___ of seeds

A

fruits protect developing seeds from desiccation and aid in dispersal of seeds

72
Q

seeds, fruits, and endosperm increase

A

likelihood of reproductive success

73
Q

coevolution with pollinators increases

A

cross-pollination and promotes genetic variation

74
Q

vascular systems with ___ elements and ___ tube elements increase ___

A

vascular systems with vessel elements and sieve tube elements increase efficiency

75
Q

leaf, stem, and root adaptations allow plants to

A

live in a variety of habitats

76
Q

progymnosperms had two derived feature:

A

leaves with branching veins

woody tissue

77
Q

several progymnosperm fossils show reproductive structures intermediate between ___ plants and ___ plants

A

several progymnosperm fossils show reproductive structures intermediate between spore plants and seed plants

78
Q

progymnosperms probably gave rise to

A

conifers and seed ferns

79
Q

fossil record suggest that flowering plants descended from ___

A

fossil record suggest that flowering plants descended from gymnosperms

80
Q

Basal angiosperms

A

flowers but not all contain vessel elements in xylem and phloem

ancestral to all flowering plants

81
Q

core angiosperms

A

all contain vessel elements, other distinguishing molecular traits

contains monocots and dicots

97% of extant species

Biology 212 (14 decks)

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