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Biology 212 > Chapter 30 An introduction to animal diversity > Flashcards

Chapter 30 An introduction to animal diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

animal characteristics

A
  1. Multicellular eukaryotes
  2. heterotrophs
  3. specialized body cells
  4. diverse body plans
  5. most are capable of locomotion at some time during their life cycle
  6. most have nervous systems and muscle systems that enable them to respond rapidly to stimuli in their environment
  7. diploid and reproduce sexually, with large, nonmotile eggs and small, flagellate sperm
  8. most go through a period of embryonic development
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2
Q

The animal ___ undergoes cleavage and develops into a ___

A

The animal zygote undergoes cleavage and develops into a blastula

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3
Q

some animals develop directly into ___

A

adults

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4
Q

many animals develop into a ___, which may differ from the adult in appearance, habitat, how i moves and what it eats

A

larva

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5
Q

most ___ go through ___; juvenile form grows into an adult form

A

larvae fo through metamorphosis

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6
Q

advantages of a marine habitat

A
  1. Bouyancy of sea water provides support
  2. temp relatively stable
  3. same osmotic concentration
  4. plankton provides a ready source of food
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7
Q

disadvantages of marine habitat

A

the continuous motion of water

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8
Q

disadvantages of freshwater habitat

A
  1. Fresh water is hypotonic to the tissue fluids of animals, (animals require mechanisms for osmoregulation)
  2. animals must have adaptations for surviving variations in oxygen content, temp, turbidity, and water volume
  3. generally contains less food than the sea
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9
Q

Disadvantages of terrestrial life

A
  1. desiccation
  2. Gametes and developing offspring must be protected from dessication
  3. must have a skeletal system and muscle that support the body on land
  4. must have behavioral and physiological adaptations for maintaining body temperature
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10
Q

desiccation

A

the process of drying

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11
Q

Choanoflagellates, fungi, and animals are ___

A

opisthokonts that share a colonial flagellate (choanoflagellate) ancestor

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12
Q

changes in animal body plan are linked to changes in

A

patterns of embryonic development

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13
Q

many ___ that direct early development of the body plan have been ___ during animal evolution

A

genes…conserved

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14
Q

Many early ___ have similar genes and appearances

A

Many early embryos/fetuses have similar genes and appearances

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15
Q

___ development can infer relationships among animal groups

A

Embryonic

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16
Q

molecular comparisons of ___ and ___ help reconstruct animal phylogeny

A

molecular comparisons of nucleic acid and protein structure help reconstruct animal phylogeny

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17
Q

radial symmetry

A

general form of a wheel, arranged as spokes from a central axis

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18
Q

radial symmetry is found in

A

cnidarians and echinoderms

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19
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

found in most animals

divided through only one plane to produce right and left halves that are mirror images

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20
Q

Cephalization

A

the development of a head where sensory structures are concentrated

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21
Q

tissues

A

groups of closely associated, similar cells that work together to carry out specific functions

22
Q

germ layers

A

cell layers formed in early development of all animals, except sponges, that develop into specific types of tissues (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)

23
Q

Cnidarians and ctenophores are

A

diploblastic

24
Q

diploblastic

A

have only two tissue layers (ectoderm and endoderm)

25
Q

animals other than Cnidarians and ctenophores are triploblastic

A

have all three germ layers

26
Q

Blastula

A

hollow ball of cells

this is where sponges stop

27
Q

Gastrula

A

two-layered stage where Cnidarians stop

28
Q

Ectoderm

A

outer layer

29
Q

Endoderm

A

invaginates to form gastrocoel (the cavity formed w/ opening called blastopore)

30
Q

Mesoderm

A

during gasatrulationi some cells migrate inward to form a 3rd layer between the endoderm and ectoderm

31
Q

diploblastic

A

All Cnidaria have two layers of cells

32
Q

triploblastic

A

Other animals have three layers of cells

33
Q

external ectoderm

A
  1. skin
  2. skin glands
  3. hair
  4. nails
34
Q

Neural Crest

A
  1. facial cartilage
  2. pigment cells
  3. ganglia of autonomic nervous system
  4. dentin of teeth
  5. spiral septum of heart
  6. ciliary body of the eye
35
Q

Neural Tube

A
  1. Brain
  2. spinal cord
  3. retina
  4. posterior pituitary gland
36
Q

In sum the Ectoderm is

A

skin and nervous system

37
Q

the mesoderm is

A

key to complex animals

38
Q

mesoderm develops into

A
  1. bones
  2. connective tissue
  3. majority of circulatory system
  4. Gastrointestinal tract
  5. muscles
  6. peritoneum
  7. urinary system
  8. reproductive system
39
Q

Endoderm develops into

A
  1. epithelial tissues of the gut
  2. respiratory system
  3. auditory system
40
Q

Most bilateral animals have a fluid-filled ___ between the outer wall of the body and the digestive tube

A

body cavity (coelom)

41
Q

Acoelomates

A

flatworms and ribbon worms

have no body cavity

42
Q

True coelomates

A

have a body cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm

43
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

have a body cavity that is not completely lined with mesoderm

44
Q

eumetazoa

A

Animals with two or three germ layers (diploblastic or triploblastic)

45
Q

Bilateria

A

animals with bilateral symmetry

tiploblastic

46
Q

Three major clades bilateral animals

A
  1. Deuterostomia

2. Protostome

47
Q

two protostome clades

A

Lophotrochozoa

Ecdysozoa

48
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

Characterized by a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth (lophophore) or a trochophore larva

49
Q

Lophotrochozoa includes

A

flatworms, ribbon worms, mollusks, annelids, and the lophophorate phyla

50
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

animals that undergo molting (ecdysis)

51
Q

Ecdysozoa includes

A

nematodes and arthropods

Biology 212 (14 decks)

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