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Biology 212 > Chapter 27 Seedless Plants > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Seedless Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Common ancestor of all land plants

A

Green algeae

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2
Q

Green algae and plants share many ____ and ___ traits

A

Green algae and plants share many biochemical and metabolic traits

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3
Q

Plants are complex multicellular eukaryotes with:

A
  1. Cellulose cell walls
  2. Chlorophylls a and b in plastids
  3. Starch as a storage product
  4. may have cells with two anterior flagella
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4
Q

Unlike green algae, all land plants develop from:

A

Multicellular embryos enclosed in maternal tissues

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5
Q

Waxy cuticle

A

Prevents plant tissues from dying out

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6
Q

Stomata

A

Allow gas exchange through the cuticle

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7
Q

Gametangia

A

Plant sex organs which have a layer of non-reproductive cells that protects the gametes

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8
Q

Antheridium

A

Male gametangia

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9
Q

Archegonium

A

Female gametangia

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10
Q

Plant life cycles have a ___ gametophyte stage and a ___ sporophyte stage

A

Plant life cycles have a haploid gametophyte stage and a diploid sporophyte stage

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11
Q

Antheridia

A

Male gametangia that form sperm cells

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12
Q

Archegonia

A

Female gametangia that bears a single egg

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13
Q

Archaeplastids

A
  1. Red algae
  2. Green algae
  3. land plants
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14
Q

Four major plant groups

A
  1. Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)
  2. Seedless vascular plants
  3. Gymnosperms
  4. Angiosperms
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15
Q

Mosses and other bryophytes rely on ___ and __ to obtain needed materials, which restricts their ___

A

Mosses and other bryophytes rely on diffusion and osmosis to obtain needed materials, which restricts their size

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16
Q

Mosses and other bryophytes do not form ___

A

Mosses and other bryophytes do not form seeds; they reproduce and disperse primarily via haploid spores

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17
Q

Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissues:

A
  1. Xylem

2. Phloem

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18
Q

Xylem

A

Conducts water and dissolved minerals

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19
Q

Phloem

A

Conducts dissolved organic molecules, such as sugar

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20
Q

Vascular plants include

A
  1. Seedless vascular plants
  2. Gymnosperms
  3. Flowering plants
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21
Q

A key step in evolution of vascular plants was the ability to produce ___

A

A key step in evolution of vascular plants was the ability to produce lignin

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22
Q

Seedless vascular plants reproduce and disperse primarily via ___

A

Seedless vascular plants reproduce and disperse primarily via spores

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23
Q

gymnosperms

A

reproduce by forming unprotected seeds on a stem or in a cone

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24
Q

Angiosperms

A

reproduce by forming seeds enclosed within a fruit

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25
Q

Angiosperms are ___ ___

A

Angiosperms are flowering plants

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26
Q

Bryophytes

A

The only living nonvascular plants

Typically small

Only plants with a dominant gametophyte generation-sporophytes remain permanently attached

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27
Q

Three phyla of bryophytes

A
  1. Bryophyta (mosses)
  2. Hepatophyta (liverworts)
  3. Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
28
Q

Mosses usually live in denses ___ or ___

A

Mosses usually live in dense colonies or beds

29
Q

Mosses have rhizoids

A

Tiny hairlike absorptive structures

30
Q

Mosses are important for:

A
  1. Forming soil
  2. commercially (sphagnum)
  3. form peat bogs used for fuel
31
Q

The dominant phase of the moss life cycle is the ___

A

The dominant phase of the moss life cycle is the gametophyte (haploid)

32
Q

The moss sporophyte is completely dependent upon the ___ for its nutrition (mosses)

A

The moss sporophyte is completely dependent upon the gametophyte for its nutrition

33
Q

The sporophyte is responsible for producing ___ (mosses)

A

The sporophyte is responsible for producing spores (mosses)

34
Q

Liverworts

A

Body form is a thallus, not differentiated into leaves, stems, or roots

35
Q

Hairlike ___ on the underside of the ___ anchor plants to the soil (liverworts)

A

Hairlike rhizoids on the underside of the thallus anchor plants to the soil

36
Q

Liverworts lack

A

Liverworts lack stomata, although some have surface pores analogous to stomata

37
Q

Liverwort life cycle

A

Basically the same as that of mosses

Some gametangia are borne on stalked structures

38
Q

Some liverworts reproduce ___ by forming tiny balls of tissue called ___

A

Some liverworts reproduce asexually by forming tiny balls of tissue called gemmae

39
Q

gemmae

A

asexual buds inside the gemmae cups

40
Q

Fossils indicate that ___ were probably the first group of plants to arise from the common plant ancestor

A

Fossils indicate that bryophytes were probably the first group of plants to arise from the common plant ancestor

41
Q

The oldest plant fossils resemble ___ in many respects

A

The oldest plant fossils resemble liverworts in many respects

42
Q

Seedless vascular plants

A

Have true stems with vascular tissues - most with true roots and leaves

43
Q

___ Are the main organs of photosynthesis

A

Leaves are the main organs of photosynthesis

44
Q

Two classes of seedless vascular plants:

A
  1. Club Mosses

2. Ferns

45
Q

Ferns include

A

horsetails and whisk ferns

46
Q

Ferns

A

A monophyletic group - the closest living relatives of seed plants

47
Q

Club mosses

A

Small, evergreen plants with true roots; rhizomes and erect aerial stems; microphylls

48
Q

Club moss sporangia

A

Borne on reproductive leaves

49
Q

Club mosses are common where?

A

n temperate woodlands

50
Q

___ is an organic material formed from remains of ancient vascular plants, particularly those of the ___ period

A

Coal is an organic material formed from remains of ancient vascular plants, particularly those of the Carboniferous period

51
Q

Ferns are mostly ___ plants with a dominant ___ generation and ___ roots

A

Ferns are mostly terrestrial plants with a dominant sporophyte generation and true roots

52
Q

Ferns have Rhizomes

A

Sporophyte which has a horizontal underground stem

53
Q

Fern rhizomes bear fronds which are what?

A

complex comound leaves

54
Q

Fern fronds ___ from the ground tightly ___. This is called ___

A

Fern fronds emerge from the ground tightly coiled. This is called fiddlehead’s

55
Q

The fern life cycle alternates between the dominants, ___ and the ___

A

The fern life cycle alternates between the dominants, diploid sporophyte and the haploid gametophyte

56
Q

Fern spore production occurs in ___ on __ of the ___

A

Fern spore production occurs in sori on fronds of the sporophyte

57
Q

Ferns have ___ sperm cells which swim from an ___ to the neck of a ___ through a thin film of water on the ground underneath the ___

A

Ferns have flagellate sperm cells which swim from an antheridium to the neck of an archegonium through a thin film of water on the ground underneath the prothallus

58
Q

Some Ferns and club mosses are ___

A

Some Ferns and club mosses are Heterosporous

59
Q

Homospory

A

Production of only one type of spore as a result of meiosis

60
Q

Homospory is characteristic of

A
  1. Bryophytes
  2. Horsetails
  3. Whisk Ferns
  4. Most ferns and club mosses
61
Q

Heterospory

A

Produce two types of spored

62
Q

Heterospory is the forerunner of ___

A

Heterospory is the forerunner of the evolution of seeds

63
Q

Certain ___ and ___ exhibit heterospory

A

Certain ferns and club mosses exhibit heterospory

64
Q

Each strobilus bears two kinds of sporangia:

A
  1. Microsporangia

2. Megasporangia

65
Q

Microsporangia

A

Produce microsporocytes, which undergo meiosis to form microscopic, haploid microspores and then develop into male gametophytes

66
Q

Megasporangia

A

produce megasporocytes which undergo meiosis to form haploid megaspore and then develop into female gametophyte

Biology 212 (14 decks)

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