Chapter 31 Flashcards
What did Giovanni Gabrieli contribute?
First composer to write with dynamics, first composer to use term sonata, and first composer to write pieces for specific instruments.
What are Gabrieli’s dates?
1554-1612
Where did Gabrieli spend most of his life?
Venice, Italy
What sorts of genres are associated with Gabrieli?
concerted motet
Name some works of Gabrieli and describe them.
In ecclesiis. This was a concerted motet that was written in 1612. It was written for three choirs.
Who influenced Gabrieli?
Lassus in Munich
Who did Gabrieli influence?
Schutz
What is meant by concerted motet?
a motet in stile concertato which means contrast
What is the differences between concerted motet and concerted madrigal?
The motet is a religious work while the madrigal is a secular work.
Which city is Schutz associated with?
Dresden, Germany
What are Schutz’s dates?
1585-1672
What genre is Schutz known for?
motet
What are Schutz’s contributions to the world?
He brought dramatic contrast to his motets. It switches textures often too. He also includes dynamics. Both the switch in texture and dynamic creates the dramatic contrast.
Name some pieces of Schutz and explain them.
Saul, Saul, was verfolgst du mich? It is a motet and it was written in 1650.
In the early Baroque, religious music in Rome generally falls into one of three distinct types. What are they?
Organ music, oratorios, and cantatas
What were Frescobaldi’s contributions?
He was known as one of the greatest organ composers in Europe in his time. He also would regularly improvise music for St. Peter’s basilica.
What were Frescobaldi’s dates?
1583-1643
What city was Frescobaldi associated with?
Rome
What genre is Frescobaldi known for?
Mass music for organ
Name a piece of Frescobaldi and explain it.
Fiori musicali (Mass for Sundays) was written in 1635. It includes the alternatim technique.
What is the ordinary of the catholic mass?
The ordinary of the Mass are sung everyday of the year. They don’t change. They include Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus dei, and Ite, missa est.
What is the proper of the catholic mass?
This are for special days of the year such as holidays. The text changes to fit that specific holiday. It includes Introit, Gradual, Alleluia, Sequence, Offertory, and Communion.
What are the elements in a chamber cantata?
Cantatas text usually was about love and usually was Italian. It included recitatives and arias. Only required one voice and a basso continuo.
What are the elements in an oratorio?
It includes solo voices singing arias, recitatives, and ariosos. Then commentary and summary are presented by a chorus. No sets or costumes or acting. Text was either Latin or the vernacular language. Text was focused on a story in the Old Testament. There is a narrator.
How long is a cantata?
8-20 minutes
How long is an oratorio?
over an hour
What composers composed cantatas?
Scarlatti and Carissimi and Strozzi
What composers composed oratorios?
Carissimi
What were Carissimi’s dates?
1605-1674
What were Scarlatti’s dates?
1660-1725
What is an example of a cantata?
Oh di Betlemme, written by Scarlatti in 1700
What is an example of an oratorio?
Jepthe, written by Carissimi in 1648
What did Scarlatti contribute?
He perfected the da capo aria.
What is a da capo aria?
It has only one stanza of text but put to two different melodies. It has an ABA form.
What are Strozzi’s dates?
1619-1677
What genre did Strozzi mainly compose?
cantatas
What did Strozzi contribute?
She tended to write for the soprano voice. She wrote 8 books in all.
Name a piece of music Strozzi composed.
L’Amante Segreto: Voglio morire which was written in 1651 and is a cantata.
Basilica of St. Mark
chapel of the Doge so it was used for both state and religious festivals, Evangelist Mark’s bones are thought to be buried there.
cori spezzati
music for 2-4 choirs placed in different parts of the building. They were normally in elevated galleries in the chapel. It created a multiphonic surround sound. Instrumentalists would go in these elevated galleries too.
stile concertato
Baroque music that uses a grand scale and strong contrast. This could be with an instrument and a voice or with multiple choirs/ensembles
stile consitato
agitated style, created by splitting up longer pitches into many shorter notes on the same pitch
chamber cantata
a cantata performed before a select audience in a private residence, intimate vocal chamber music, principally of the Baroque era
cantata
the primary genre of vocal chamber music in the baroque era
basso ostinato
bassline that repeats through the whole piece
chaconne
originally a separate and distinct bass melody, but during the 17th century the term came to mean almost any repeating bass pattern of short duration
lament bass
a tetrachord that repeats over and over again through the whole piece
Kapellmeister
German chief of music at court
Thirty Years’ War
(1618-1648) between the Protestants and the Catholics over political control in central Europe, series of declared and undeclared wars
