CHAPTER 30 Flashcards
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH
a short-term infection, usually characterized by dramatic onset
ACUTE INFECTION
the number of expected secondary transmissions from each single case of a disease in an entirely susceptible population
BASIC REPRODUCTION NUMBER
the use of microbial agents to incapacitate or kill a military or civilian population in an act of war or terrorism
BIOLOGICAL (MICROBIAL) WARFARE
a subclinically infected individual who may spread a disease
CARRIER
the agency of the United States Public Health Service that tracks disease trends, provides disease information to the public and to healthcare professionals, and forms public policy regarding disease prevention and intervention
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTIONS (CDC)
a long-term infection
CHRONIC INFECTION
an infection (or intoxication) of a large number of people from a contaminated common source such as food or water
COMMON-SOURCE EPIDEMIC
a quantitative measure of disease burden defined as the cumulative number of years lost due to an illness itself, a disability due to an illness, or premature death
DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR
the observation, recognition, and reporting of diseases as they occur
DISEASE SURVEILLANCE
an infectious disease whose incidence recently increased or whose incidence threatens to increase in the near future
EMERGING DISEASE
a disease that is constantly present, usually in low numbers, in a population
ENDEMIC DISEASE
the occurrence of a disease in unusually high numbers in a localized population
EPIDEMIC
the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in populations
EPIDEMIOLOGY
an inanimate object that when contaminated with a viable pathogen can transfer the pathogen to a host
FOMITE
the resistance of a population to a pathogen as a result of the immunity of a large portion of the population
HERD IMMUNITY
an epidemic resulting from person-to-person contact, characterized by a gradual rise and fall in number of new cases
HOST-TO-HOST EPIDEMIC
the number of new reported cases of a disease in a population in a given time period
INCIDENCE
in the context of infectious disease, the separation of persons who have an infectious disease from those whose are healthy
ISOLATION
the incidence of disease in a population
MORBIDITY
the incidence of death in a population
MORTALITY
the occurrence of a large number of cases of a disease in a short period of time
OUTBREAK
a widespread, usually worldwide epidemic
PANDEMIC
the total number of new and existing cases of a disease reported in a population in a given time period
PREVALENCE
the health of the populations as a whole
PUBLIC HEALTH
the separation and restriction of well persons who may have been exposed to an infectious disease to see if they develop the disease
QUARANTINE
an infectious disease previously under control but that produces a new epidemic
RE-EMERGING DISEASE
a source of infectious agents from which susceptible individuals may be infected
RESERVOIR
a living agent that transfers a pathogen
VECTOR
a nonliving source of pathogens that transmits the pathogens to large numbers of individuals
VEHICLE
the relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease
VIRULENCE
any disease that occurs primarily in animals but can be transmitted to humans
ZOONOSIS
What is the disease, symptoms and mode of transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi?
Disease: Lyme Disease
Symptoms: rash, fever, neurological and cardiac abnormalities, arthritis
Mode of Transmission: bite of infective Ixodes tick
What is the disease, symptoms and mode of transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Disease: Tuberculosis
Symptoms: cough, weight loss, lung lesions
Mode of Transmission: sputum droplets (exhaled through a cough or sneeze) from a person with active disease
What is the disease, symptoms and mode of transmission of Clostridioides difficile?
Disease and Symptoms: Antibiotic-associated enterocolitis
Mode of Transmission: person-to-person contact and through fomites in the healthcare setting
What is the disease, symptoms and mode of transmission of Vibrio cholera?
Disease: Cholera
Symptoms: severe diarrhea, rapid dehydration
Mode of transmission: water contaminated with the feces of infected persons; food exposed to contaminated water
What is the disease, symptoms and mode of transmission of Dengue?
Disease and symptoms: Hemorrhagic fever
Mode of transmission: bite of an infected mosquito (primarily Aedes aegypti)
What is the disease, symptoms and mode of transmission of Filoviruses (Marburg, Ebola)?
Symptoms: Fulminant, high mortality, hemorrhagic fevers
Mode pf transmission: direct contact with infected blood, organs, secretions, and semen
What is the disease, symptoms and mode of transmission of Influenza H5N1 (avian influenza)?
Symptoms: fever, headache, cough, pneumonia, high mortality
Mode of transmission: direct contact with infected animals or humans, not easily spread via respiratory aerosols
What is the disease, symptoms and mode of transmission of Zika?
Symptoms: asymptomatic, or fever, rash, muscle and joint pain, headache
Mode of transmission: Bite of an infected mosquito (primarily Aedes aegypti), mother to fetus, sexual contact, blood transfusion
What is the disease, symptoms and mode of transmission of Candida?
Disease: Candidiasis
Symptoms: fungal infections of the gastrointestinal tract, vagina, and oral cavity
Mode of transmission: member of endogenous microbiota becomes an opportunistic pathogen; contact with secretions or excretions from infected persons
