CHAPTER 25

Question 1

an event during which a microorganisms not a member of the local microbiota is established and grows in a host, regardless of whether the host is harmed

Answer 1

INFECTION

Question 2

an injury to a host organism, caused by a pathogen or other factor, that is accompanied by specific signs and symptoms that affect host function

Answer 2

DISEASE

Question 3

the growth of a microorganism after it has gained access to host tissues

Answer 3

COLONIZATION

Question 4

the ability of a pathogen to enter into the host cells or tissues, spread, and cause disease

Answer 4

INVASION

Question 5

the relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease

Answer 5

VIRULENCE

Question 6

substances or strategies of a pathogen that indirectly or directly enhance invasiveness and host damage by facilitating and promoting infection

Answer 6

VIRULENCE FACTOR

Question 7

the lipopolysaccharide portion of the outer membrane of most gram-negative Bacteria, which is a toxin when solubilized

Answer 7

ENDOTOXIN

Question 8

protein that is released extracellularly by a microorganism as it grows and that produces immediate damage to the small intestine of the host

Answer 8

ENTEROTOXIN

Question 9

protein that is released extracellularly by a microorganism as it grows and that produces immediate damage to the host

Answer 9

EXOTOXIN

Question 10

an organism that causes disease only in the absence of normal host resistance

Answer 10

OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN

Question 11

the ability of an organism to cause
disease by means of a preformed toxin that inhibits host cell function or kills host cells

Answer 11

TOXICITY

Question 12

a viscous liquid composed of mucin secreted by specialized epithelial cells that contains water-soluble glycoproteins and proteins that retain moisture and aid in resistance to microbial invasion on mucosal surfaces

Answer 12

MUCUS

Question 13

glycoproteins or lipoproteins covalently bound to the outer layer of the pathogen that function in attachment to host tissues

Answer 13

ADHESINS

Question 14

disease causing microorganisms

Answer 14

PATHOGEN

Question 15

the enhanced ability of a microorganism to attach to a cell or surface

Answer 15

ADHERENCE

Question 16

layer of mucus-covered epithelial cells in the body that communicates with the external environment

Answer 16

MUCUS MEMBRANE

Question 17

bloodborne systemic infection

Answer 17

SEPTICEMIA

Question 17

the presence of bacteria in the blood

Answer 17

BACTEREMIA

Question 18

the ability of a pathogen to cause disease

Answer 18

PATHOGENICITY

Question 19

the decrease or loss of virulence of a pathogen

Answer 19

ATTENUATION

Question 20

cluster of genes that encodes over 10 distinct proteins that promote virulence and invasion

Answer 20

SALMONELLA PATHOGENICITY ISLAND 1 (SPI1)

Question 21

contains genes that are responsible for causing more systemic than localized disease and resistance to host defenses

Answer 21

SALMONELLA PATHOGENICITY ISLAND 2 (SPI2)

Question 22

organic molecules that bind iron tightly

Answer 22

SIDEROPHORES

Question 23

an enzyme that promotes spreading of organisms in tissue by breaking down the polysaccharide hyaluronic acid

Answer 23

HYALURONIDASE

Question 24

an enzyme that destroy collagen (a major protein of connective tissue in muscle and other body tissues)

Answer 24

COLLAGENASE

Question 25

an enzyme that degrades fibrin blood clots

Answer 25

PLASMIN

Question 26

an enzyme that activates the host to produce plasmin

Answer 26

STREPTOKINASE

Question 27

an enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin, resulting in the clotting of blood and the formation of fibrin

Answer 27

COAGULASE

Question 28

an enzyme that cleaves the peptidoglycan of bacterial cells and promote their osmotic lysis

Answer 28

LYSOZYME

Question 28

an enzyme that cleaves the IgA

Answer 28

IgAases

Question 29

consist of two subunit A and B, B component bind to a host cell surface molecule, facilitating the transfer of the A subunit across the cytoplasmic membrane, where it damages the cell

Answer 29

AB TOXIN

Question 30

True or False. Botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin both block the release of neurotransmitters that control muscle activities.

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

True or False. Botulinum toxin prevents muscle contraction while tetanus toxin prevents muscle relaxation.

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

an enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

Answer 32

ADENYLATE CYCLASE

Question 33

this molecule is a cyclic nucleotide that mediates several regulatory systems in cells, including ionic balance

Answer 33

ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE (cAMP)

Question 34

it is a soluble proteins secreted by variety of pathogens that damage the host cytoplasmic membrane causing cell lysis and death

Answer 34

CYTOLYTIC EXOTOXINS/CYTOTOXINS

Question 35

a hemolysin produced by streptococci, affects the sterols of the host cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 35

STREPTOLYSIN O

Question 36

True or False. S. aureus TSS commonly originates as a result of a localized rather than a generalized infection while S. pyogenes TSS is typically the result of a systemic infection where bacteremia or septicimia is present, and tissue damage including extensive tissue necrosis occurs.

Answer 36

TRUE

Question 37

consists of three covalently linked subunits: the membrane-distal O-specific polysaccharide, a membrane-proximal core polysaccharide, and lipid-A a phosphoglycolipid and the mebrane-anchoring portion

Answer 37

LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS)

Question 38

proteins that affect the temperature-controlling center of the brain, causing fever

Answer 38

ENDOGENOUS PYROGENS