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MICROBIOLOGY > CHAPTER 26 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 26 Flashcards

INNATE IMMUNITY: BROADLY SPECIFIC HOST DEFENSES

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the causative agent of periodontal disease

A

PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS

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2
Q

it is characterized by the presence of insoluble aggregates of amyloid-beta protein (AB) in the brain, producing plaques that interfere with cognitive brain function

A

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

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3
Q

it is a neurotoxic protease produce by invading bacteria that triggered inflammation and accumulation of Amyloid-beta, which colocalized on cells of P. gingivalis, ultimately promoting AB plaque formation.

A

GINGIPAINS

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4
Q

the acquired ability to recognize and destroy a particular pathogen or its products, dependent on previous exposure to the pathogen or its products

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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5
Q

a soluble protein produced by B cells and plasma cells that interacts with antigen; also called immunoglobin

A

ANTIBODY

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6
Q

the process by which NK cells bind IgG-coated target cells and kill them by secreting cytolytic toxins

A

ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELL-MEDIATED CYTOXICITY (ADCC)

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7
Q

a molecule capable of interacting with specific components of the immune system and that often functions as an immunogen to elicit an adaptive immune response

A

ANTIGEN

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8
Q

a macrophage, dendritic cell, or B cell that takes up and processes antigen and presents it to T-helper cells

A

ANTIGEN-PRESENTING-CELL (APC)

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9
Q

a circulating granulocyte that contains granules of inflammatory mediators that, in some case, contribute to allergic reactions

A

BASOPHIL

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10
Q

a lymphocycte that has immunoglobulin surface receptors, produces immunoglobulin, and may present antigens to T cells

A

B CELL

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11
Q

a cell surface immunoglobulin that acts as an antigen receptors on a B cell

A

B CELL RECEPTOR (BCR)

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12
Q

a soluble protein that recruits immune cells to an injury site; a type of cytokine

A

CHEMOKINE

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13
Q

a series of proteins that react sequentially with antibody-antigen complexes, manose-binding lectin, or alternative activation pathway proteins to amplify or potentiate target dell destruction

A

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

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14
Q

a soluble protein produced by a leukocye or damaged host cell; modulated an immune response

A

CYTOKINE

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15
Q

a phagocytic antigen-presenting cell found in various body tissues; transports antigen to secondary lymphoid organ

A

DENDRITIC CELL

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16
Q

the portion of an antigen that reacts with a specific antibody or T cell receptor

A

EPITOPE

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17
Q

a phagocytic granulocyte especially active against extracellular parasites, such as helminths

A

EOSINOPHIL

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18
Q

an increase in body temperature resulting from infection of the presence of toxins in the body

A

FEVER

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19
Q

a leukocyte derived from a myeloid precursor that contains cytoplasmic granules consisting of toxins or enzymes that are released to destroy target cells

A

GRANULOCYTE

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20
Q

the process by which precursors stem cells in the bone marrow or gut differentiate into any type of blood cell

A

HEMATOPOIESIS

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21
Q

a progenitor cell found primarily in the bone marrow but also in the gut that can differentiate into any of a variety of blood cells

A

HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL

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22
Q

the ability to rapidly produce large quantities of specific immune cells or antibodies after subsequent exposure to a previously encountered antigen

A

IMMUNE MEMORY

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23
Q

the ability of an organism to resist infection

A

IMMUNITY

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24
Q

a soluble protein produced by B cells and plasma cells that interacts with antigen; also called antibody

A

IMMUNOGLOBULIN

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25
Q

a cytosolic signaling complex that contain NOD-like receptor pyrin 3 (NLRP3) and mediates the activation of potent proinflammatory cytokines

A

INFLAMMASOME

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26
Q

a nonspecific reaction to noxious stimuli such as tocins and pathogens, characterized by redness (erythema), swelling (edema), pain, and heat, usually localized at the site of infection

A

INFLAMMATION

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27
Q

the inherent ability to recognize and destroy an individual pathogen or its products that does not rely on previous exposure to a pathogen or its products

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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28
Q

cytokine proteins produced by virus-infected cells that induce signal transduction in nearby cells, resulting in transcription of antiviral genes and expression of antiviral proteins

A

INTERFERONS

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29
Q

the ability of a pathogen to enter into host cells or tissues, spread,a nd cause disease

A

INVASIONS

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30
Q

a nucleated cell in blood; also called a white blood cell

A

LEUKOCYTE

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31
Q

organs that contain lymphocytes and phagocytes arranged to encounter microorganisms and antigens as they travel through the lymphatic circulation

A

LYMPH NODES

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32
Q

a subset of nucleated cells in blood involved in the adaptive immune response; B cells and T cells

A

LYMPHOCYCTES

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33
Q

a large leukocyte found in tissues that has phagocytic and antigen-presenting capabilities

A

MACROPHAGE

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34
Q

a genetic region that encodes several proteins important for antigen processing and presentation; MHC1 proteins are expressed on a nucleated cells, whereas MCHII proteins are expressed only on antigen-presenting cells

A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMNPLEX (MHC)

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35
Q

tissue granulocyte similar in function to basophils that contains intracytoplasmic granules with inflammatory mediators

A

MAST CELL

36
Q

cicrculating phagocyte that contains many lysosomes and can diffrentiate into a macrophage or dendritic cell

A

MONOCYTE

37
Q

a part of the lymphatic system that interacts with antigens and microorganisms that enter the body through mucuos membranes, including those of the gut, the genitourinary tract, and the respiratory tract

A

MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE(MALT)

38
Q

a specialized lymphocyte that recognize and destroys infected host cells or cancerous cells in a nonspeciifc manner

A

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELL

39
Q

a leukocyte exhibiting phagocytic properties , granular cytoplasm(granulocoyte), and a multilobed nucleus; also called polymorphonuclear leukocyte or PMN

A

NEUTROPHIL

40
Q

the deposition of antibody or complement protein on the surface of a pathogen or other antigen that results in enhanced phagocytosis

A

OPSONIZATION

41
Q

a repeating structural component of a microorganism or virus recognized by a pattern recognition receptor (PRR)

A

PATHOGEN-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERN (PAMP)

42
Q

Aa protein that is soluble or bound to a phagocyte membrane and that recognizes a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)

A

PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR
(PRR)

43
Q

a cell that engulfs foreign particles, and can ingest kill, and digest most pathogens

A

PHAGOCYTE

44
Q

a mechanism for ingesting particulate material in which a portion of the cytoplasmic membrane surrounds the particle and brings it into the cell; for phagocytes of the immune system, the process of engulfing and killing foreign particles and cells

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

45
Q

an intracytoplasmic vacuole containing engulfed materials, especially pathogens or foreign particles

A

PHAGOSOMES

46
Q

the liquid portion of the blood containing proteins and other solutes

A

PLASMA

47
Q

a differentiated B cell that produces soluble antibodies

A

PLASMA CELL

48
Q

an organ in which antigen-reactive lymphocytes develop and become functional; the bone marrow is the primary lymphoid organ for B cells; the thymus is the primary lymphoid organ for T cells

A

PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGAN

49
Q

an organ at which antigens interact with antigen-presenting phagocytes and lymphocytes to generate an adaptive immune response; the include lymph node, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGAN

50
Q

the liquid (noncellular) portion of the blood with clotting proteins removed

A

SERUM

51
Q

the ability of cells of the adaptive immune response to interact with particular antigens

A

SPECIFICITY

52
Q

a lymphocyte that interacts with antigens through a T cell receptor for antigen; T cells are divided into functional subsets including Tc(T-cytotoxic) cells and Th (T-helper) cells. The Th cells, are further subdivide into Th 1 (inflammatory) cells and Th2 cells, which aid B cells in antibody formation

A

T CELL

53
Q

an antigen-specific receptor protein on the surface of T cells

A

T CELL RECEPTOR (TCR)

54
Q

one of a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) found onb phagocytes, structurally and functionally related to Toll receptrs in Drosophilia, that recognize a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)

A

TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR (TLR)

55
Q

True or False. Even if pathogens adhere to an exposure site, the organism cannot colonize the hot if the site is not compatible with the pathogen’s nutritional and metabolic needs.

A

TRUE

56
Q

True or False. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, the causative agenT of AIDS) infect only humans and their closest primate relatives, including the great apes.

A

TRUE
-Because the HIV-binding cell surface proteins CXCR4, present on human T lymphocytes, and CCR5, present on human macrophages, are also expressed in great apes. Other animals, including most other primates, lack CXCR4 and CCR5 and are therefore not susceptible to HIV infection.

57
Q

True or False. Stem cell differentiation in these tissues is influenced by soluble cytokine and chemokine, proteins that direct immune cell production, function, and movement, thereby modulating the immune response

A

TRUE

58
Q

True or False. A leukocyte will differentiate and mature through either the MYELOID or the LYMPHOID lineage.

A

TRUE

59
Q

Leukocyte move throughout the body in the process called

A

DIAPEDESIS

60
Q

mature myeloid cells develop from one of two lineages, what is it

A

MONOCYTES and GRANULOCYTES

61
Q

primary lymphoid organ/s

A

BONE MARROW and THYMUS

62
Q

secondary lymphoid organ/s

A

SPLEEN, LYMPH NODES, and MALT

63
Q

B cells mature and originate in

A

BONE MARROW

64
Q

T cells mature and originate in

A

Originate: BONE MARROW
Mature: THYMUS

65
Q

What is the PAMPs and target of TLR-1

A

lipoprotein in mycrobacteria

66
Q

What is the PAMPs and target of TLR-2

A

peptidoglycan on gram-positive bacteria; zymosan in fungi

67
Q

What is the PAMPs and target of TLR-3

A

double-stranded viral RNA

68
Q

What is the PAMPs and target of TLR-4

A

LPS (lipopolysaccharide) in gram-negative bacteria

69
Q

What is the PAMPs and target of TLR-5

A

flagellin in bacteria

70
Q

What is the PAMPs and target of TLR-6

A

lipoproteins in mycobacteria; zymosan in fungi

71
Q

What is the PAMPs and target of TLR-7

A

single-stranded viral RNA

72
Q

What is the PAMPs and target of TLR-8

A

single-stranded viral RNA

73
Q

What is the PAMPs and target of TLR-9

A

unmethylated CpG oligonucleotides in bacteria

74
Q

What is the PAMPs and target of NOD1

A

peptidoglycan on gram-negative bacteria

74
Q

What is the PAMPs and target of NOD2

A

peptidoglycan on gram-positive bacteria

75
Q

What is the PAMPs and target of NOD3

A

inflammasome component

76
Q

What is the PAMPs and target of Mannose-binding lectin

A

mannose-containing components of microbial cell surface, as in gram-negative bacteria

77
Q

What is the PAMPs and target of C-reactive protein

A

components of gram-positive cell walls

78
Q

chemicals that signal that raise body temperature and cause fever

A

PROSTAGLANDINS

79
Q

components of pathogens that induce fever, such as lipid A endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria LPS

A

EXOGENOUS PYROGENES

80
Q

molecules that bind and sequester iron in blood and lymph, thus depriving pathogens of this important nutrient

A

TRANSFERRINS

81
Q

The release of endogenous pyrogenes is a physiological response to the presence of

A

EXOGENOUS PYROGENES

82
Q

an inflammatory response that spreads inflammatory cells and mediators through the entire circulatory and lympathic systems can lead to

A

SEPTIC SHOCK

83
Q

molecules cause inflammatory reactions at the site of complement deposition

A

ANAPHYLATOXINS

84
Q

it is a cytotoxin that causes apoptosis or programmed cell death, characterized by non-inflammatory DNA degradation and membrane blebbing

A

GRANZYMES

85
Q

it is a protein that bin in membrane of the target cell and forms a pore through which the granzymes enter the cell

A

PERFORIN

MICROBIOLOGY (12 decks)

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