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MICROBIOLOGY > CHAPTER 2 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 Flashcards

MICROBIAL CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

it is consist of a series of layered structures that surround the cytoplasm and govern cellular interactions with the external environment

A

CELL ENVELOPE

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2
Q

protein embedded in the membrane

A

INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS

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3
Q

integral membrane proteins extend completely across the membrane

A

TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS

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4
Q

proteins that is more loosely attach

A

PERIPHERAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS

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5
Q

it is a phospholipid bilayer containing embedded proteins

A

CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

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6
Q

what is the cytoplasmic structure of Bacteria and Eukarya,

A

hydrophobic fatty acid tails are bound to glycerol by ester linkages

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7
Q

what is the cytoplasmic structure of Archaea

A

hydrophobic isoprenoid (rather than fatty acid) acid tails are bound to glycerol by ether linkages

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8
Q

what is the function of cytoplasmic membrane

A
  1. cells’s permeability, preventing the passive leakage of solutes into or out of the cell
  2. anchors several proteins that catalyze a suite of key cell function
  3. energy conservation and consumption
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9
Q

it is the process by which cells accumulate solutes against the concentration gradient

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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10
Q

it is the mechanisms of active transport that found in prokaryotic cells, that consist only of a transmembrane transport protein

A

SIMPLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM

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11
Q

it is the mechanisms of active transport that found in prokaryotic cells, that employs a series of protein in the transport event

A

GROUP TRANSLOCATION

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12
Q

it is the mechanisms of active transport that found in prokaryotic cells, that consist of three components: a binding protein, a transmembrane transporter, and an ATP-hydrolyzing protein

A

ABC transport protein

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13
Q

where a solute and a proton are cotransported in the same direction

A

SYMPORT

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14
Q

where a solute and a proton are transported in the opposite direction

A

ANTIPORT

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15
Q

Group translocation differ from simple transport in what way/s

A

(1) the transported substance is chemically modified during the transport process, and (2) an energy-rich organic compound (rather than the proton motive force) drives the transport event.

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16
Q

it is a compartment between the cytoplasm and outer membrane

A

PERIPLASM

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17
Q

True or False. Peptidoglycan is found in all Bacteria that contain a cell wall but it is unique to Bacteria and is nit found in Archaea and Eukarya.

A

TRUE

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18
Q

composed of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate with attached molecules of glucose or D-alanine (or both)

A

TEICHOIC ACIDS

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19
Q

it is a teichoic acid that covalently bonded to membrane lipids rather than to peptidoglycan

A

LIPOTEICHOIC ACIDS

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20
Q

True or False. Peptidoglycan can be destroyed by lysozyme.

A

TRUE

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21
Q

an enzyme that cleaves the glycosidic bond between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid that weaken the peptidoglycan and can cause cell lysis.

A

LYSOZYME

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22
Q

True or False. Most Archaea lack a polysaccharide containing cell wall and instead have an S-layer.

A

TRUE

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23
Q

it is a rigid protein shell that functions to prevent osmotic lysis just as does the bacterial cell wall

A

S-LAYER

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24
Q

True or False. Pseudomurein also differs from peptidoglycan in that the glycosidic bonds between the sugar derivatives are b-1,3 instead of b-1,4, and the amino acids are all of the L stereoisomer

A

TRUE

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25
Q

True or False. Major difference between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes is that the outer membrane contains porins, which are transmembrane proteins that allow for the nonspecific transport of solutes.

A

TRUE

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26
Q

True or False. The outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane are similar in that they both contain phospholipid and protein, but a major difference is that the outer membrane, called lipopolysaccharide.

A

TRUE

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27
Q

it is the lipid portion of the LPS, that is not a typical glycerol lipid, instead the fatty acids are bonded through the amine groups from a disaccharide composed of glucosamine phosphate

A

LIPID A

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28
Q

transmembrane proteins composed
ofthree identical polypeptides; the proteins are arranged to form channels through which solutes can diffuse

A

PORINS

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29
Q

contain a binding site for one or a group of structurally related substances.

A

SPECIFIC PORINS

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30
Q

form water-filled channels through which most very small hydrophilic substances can pass

A

NONSPECIFIC PORINS

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31
Q

consists of a paracrystalline monolayer of interlocking molecules of protein or glycoprotein

A

S-LAYER

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32
Q

Function of S-layer

A

S-layers can take on the role of the cell wall and are responsible for providing structural strength, protecting the cell from osmotic lysis, and conferring cell shape.

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33
Q

True or False. S-layers can also facilitate cell surface interactions, such as attachment.

A

TRUE

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34
Q

True or False. S-layers can also increase the ability of some bacterial pathogens to cause disease by either promoting adhesion or protecting the cell from host defenses.

A

TRUE

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35
Q

polysaccharide layer is organized in a tight matrix that excludes small particles and is tightly attached to the cell

A

CAPSULE

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36
Q

surface layer is easily deformed and loosely attached, it will not exclude particles and is more difficult to see microscopically

A

SLIME LAYER

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37
Q

filamentous structures made of protein that extend from the surface of a cell and can have many functions.

A

PILI

38
Q

Short pili that mediate attachment are often called

A

FIMBRIAE

39
Q

class of pili that facilitate genetic exchange by causing cell-to-cell attachment

A

CONJUGATIVE PILI

40
Q

class of pili that facilitate adhesion and support an unusual form of cell movement called twitching motility in certain bacterial species

A

TYPE IV PILI

41
Q

True or False. Type IV pili are also widespread in the Archaea, functioning in surface adhesion and cell aggregation events that lead to biofilm formation.

A

TRUE

42
Q

it is structurally resemble type IV pili except for their barbed terminus, which functions to attach cells both to surfaces and to each other

A

HAMI

43
Q

True or False. Hami function to affix cells to a surface to form a networked biofilm

A

TRUE

44
Q

One of the most common inclusion bodies in prokaryotic organisms is a ——, lipid that is formed
from b-hydroxybutyric acid units

A

Poly-b-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)

45
Q

Another carbon storage inclusion, which is a polymer of glucose; like PHA, and it is a reservoir of both carbon and energy and is produced when carbon is in excess.

A

GLYCOGEN

46
Q

enclosed single-layer membrane composed of proteins that partitions off in the cytoplasm

A

INCLUSIONS

47
Q

True or False. Many prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes accumulate inorganic phosphate (PO43-) in the form of polyphosphate granules.

A

TRUE

48
Q

microbial process of forming minerals

A

BIOMINERALIZATION

49
Q

It is a structure that confer buoyancy and allow the cells to position themselves in regions of the water column that best suit their metabolisms.

A

GAS VESICLES

50
Q

these structures are biomineralized particles of the magnetic iron oxides magnetite or greigite.

A

MAGNETOSOMES

51
Q

it is a highly differentiated dormant cells that function as survival structures and can tolerate harsh environmental conditions, including extreme heat, radiation, chemical exposure, drying, and nutrient depletion.

A

ENDOSPORES

52
Q

True or False. Endospores are not reproductive structures, such as the spores of fungi, but are rather the dormant stage of a bacterial life cycle

A

TRUE

53
Q

process of cellular differentiation that results in endospore formation

A

SPORULATION

54
Q

process in which endospore convert back to a vegetative cell

A

GERMINATION

55
Q

it is a protein that only made during the sporulation process that function as: to bind tightly in DNA in the core and protect it from potential damage from ultraviolet radiation, dessication, and dry heat; and the source of carbon and energy source for the outgrowth of a new vegetative cell from the endospore during germination.

A

Small-acid-soluble spore protein (SASPs)

56
Q

flagella that are attached at one or both ends of a cell

A

POLAR FLAGELLATION

57
Q

it is a type of polar flagellation in which a group of many flagella (called a tuft) may arise at one end of the cell

A

LIPHOTRICHOUS

58
Q

when a tuft flagella emerges from both poles of the cell, it is called

A

AMPHITRICHOUS

59
Q

when a flagella are inserted around the cell surface it is called

A

PERITRICHOUS FLAGELLATION

60
Q

True or False. Peritrichously flagellated organisms typically move slowly in a straight line, stop and then head off in a new direction while polarly flagellated organisms often move more rapidly and continuously, and some are able to reverse their direction.

A

TRUE

61
Q

it is the main part of the flagellum that composed of many copies of protein called flagellin

A

FILAMENT

62
Q

type of motility that requires a type IV pili, which extend from one pole of the cell, attach to a surface, and then retract to pull the cell forward

A

TWITCHING MOTILITY

63
Q

True or False. Twitching motility allows cells to move together in groups, and this trait is facilitated by the production of both type IV pili and the secretion of extracellular polysaccharides that aid in cellular cohesion.

A

TRUE

64
Q

It is a type of motility that has a smooth motion along the long axis of a cell without the aid of external propulsive structures (such as pili or attachment organelles)

A

GLIDING MOTILITY

65
Q

Attractans an repellent are sensed by aseries of membrane protein called

A

CHEMORECEPTORS.
Chemoreceptors sense the concentration of particular chemicals and transduce this information to flagella, causing them to alter their rotation

66
Q

directed movement with respect to a gradient of ionic strength

A

OSMOTAXIS

67
Q

directed movement with respect to a gradient of available water

A

HYDROTAXIS

68
Q

directed movement with respect to a gradient of O2

A

AEROTAXIS

69
Q

directed movement with respect to a gradient in light intensity

A

PHOTOTAXIS

70
Q

mechanism to prevent phototrophic cells from swimming away from a lighted zone into darkness

A

SCOTOPHOBOTAXIS

71
Q

it is a protein that functions similarly to a chemoreceptor but which senses a gradient of light instead of chemical

A

PHOTORECEPTOR

72
Q

contains the chromosome of the eukaryotic cell

A

NUCLEUS

73
Q

highly basic compact and wind DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

A

HISTONES

74
Q

site of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

A

NUCLEOLUS

75
Q

these membrane formed by invagination of the inner membrane of mitochondria that contain enzymes needed for respiration and ATP production

A

CRISTAE
- Cristae also contain transport proteins that regulate the passage of key molecules such as ATP into and out of the matrix

76
Q

it is part of the mitochondria that contain enzymes for the oxidation of organic compounds, particularly, enzyme of the citric acid cycle which is the major pathway for the combustion of organic compounds to CO2

A

MATRIX

77
Q

it is part of the chloroplast that contains large levels of the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCo) which is the key enzyme of the Calvin Cycle

A

STROMA

78
Q

Chlorophyll and all other components needed for ATP synthesis in choloroplasts are located in a series of flattened membrane discs called

A

THYLAKOIDS
- thylakoids is highly permeable, and its major function is to form a proton motive force that results in ATP synthesis

79
Q

it is a crisscrossed by a series of dynamic protein filament, which are used to transport substances, to position cell structures, and to control cell movement

A

CYTOSKELETON
- Cytoskeleton consist of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

80
Q

It is a hollow tubules that composed of the proteins alpha-tubulin anf beta-tubulin. Its function includes maintaining cell shape and facilitating cell motility, moving chromosomes during mitosis, and on the movement of organelles within the cell.

A

MICROTUBULES

81
Q

It i a polymer of two intertwined strands of the protein actin which function in maintaining or changing cell shape, in cell motility by cells that move by amoeboid movement and during cell division.

A

MICROFILAMENTS

82
Q

It is a fibrous keratin proteins that are arranged into fibers which function as maintaining cell shape and positioning organelles in the cell.

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

83
Q

It is a type of endoplasmic reticulum that contains attached ribosomes and producers of glycoproteins and also produces new membrane material that is transported throughout the cell to enlarge the various membrane systems before cell division.

A

ROUGH ER

84
Q

It is a type of endoplasmic reticulum that participate in the synthesis of lipids and in some aspect of carbohydrate metabolism

A

SMOOTH ER

85
Q

it is a stack of membrane-bound sacs that chemically modified the product or ER and stored into those destined for secretion versus those that will function in other membranous structures in the cell

A

GOLGI COMPLEX

EXAMPLE IN MODIFICATION
- glycosylations (addition of sugar residues) that convert the proteins into glycoprotein that can then be targeted to specific locations in the cell

86
Q

it is a membrane-enclosed compartments that contain digestive enzymes that hydrolyze proteins, fats, and polysaccharides

A

LYSOSOMES

  • also function in degrading damaged cellular components and recycling these material for new biosynthesis
87
Q

it is a short flagella that beat in synchrony to propel the cell - usually rapidly- in the medium

A

CILIA

88
Q

it is a long appendages present singly or in groups that propel the cell along through a whiplike motion

A

FLAGELLA

89
Q

it is a protein that is attached to the microtubules and uses ATP to drive motility

A

DYNEIN

90
Q

True or False. Eukaryotic flagella differ structurally and functionally from the
flagella of Bacteria and the archaella of Archaea.

A

TRUE

MICROBIOLOGY (12 decks)

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