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MICROBIOLOGY > CHAPTER 28 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 28 Flashcards

IMMUNE DISORDERS AND ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY

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1
Q

an antigen that elicits an immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction

A

ALLERGEN

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2
Q

an antibiotic, such as streptomycin, containing amino sugars linked by glycosidic bonds

A

AMINOGLYCOSIDE

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3
Q

a chemical substance produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of another microorganisms

A

ANTIBIOTIC

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4
Q

the acquired ability of a microorganism to resist the effects of an antimicrobial agent to which it was formerly susceptible

A

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCE

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5
Q

an antibody that reacts to self antigens

A

ANTOANTIBODY

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6
Q

a harmful immune reaction directed against self antigens

A

AUTOIMMUNITY

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7
Q

penicillin, cephalosporin, or a related antibiotic that contains the four-membered heterocycylic beta-lactam ring

A

BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC
-inhibit cell wall synthesis

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8
Q

an inflammatory allergic response mediated by Th 1 lymphocytes

A

DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY (DTH)

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9
Q

a synthetic polypeptide that binds to viral glycoproteins, inhibiting fusion of viral and host cell membranes

A

FUSION INHIBITOR

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10
Q

a chemical agent that has a similar structure to and blocks the uptake or utilization of a growth factor

A

GROWTH FACTOR ANALOG

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11
Q

an immune response leading to damage to host tissues

A

HYPERSENSITIVITY

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12
Q

an allergic response mediated by vasoactive products released from IgE-sensitized mast cells

A

IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSITIVITY

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13
Q

the treatment of a disease, especially cancer, using targeted therapeutic agents that either enhance or suppress the immune response

A

IMMUNOTHERAPY

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14
Q

erythromycin or a elated antibiotic that contains a lactone ring bonded to sugars

A

MACROLIDE

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15
Q

a nonnucleoside compound that inhibits the action of retroviral reverse transcriptase by binding directly to the catalytic site

A

NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR (NNRTI)

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16
Q

a nucleoside analog compound that inhibits the action of retroviral reverse transcriptase by competing with nucleosides

A

NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR (NRTI)

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17
Q

a compound that inhibits the action of viral protease by binding directly to the catalytic site, preventing viral protein processing

A

PROTEASE INHIBITOR

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18
Q

a synthetic antibacterial compound that inhibits DNA gyrase and prevents supercoiling of bacterial DNA

A

QUINOLONE

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19
Q

the ability of a compound to inhibit or kill a pathogen without adversely affecting the host

A

SELECTIVE TOXICITY

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20
Q

synthetic growth factor analogs that inhibit folic acid biosynthesis in Bacteria

A

SULFA DRUGS

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21
Q

a pathogen product capable of eliciting an inappropriately strong inflammatory immune response by stimulating greater than normal numbers of T cells

A

SUPERANTIGEN

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22
Q

an antibiotic characterized by the four-member naphthacene ring structure

A

TETRACYCLINE

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23
Q

the inoculation of a host with inactive or weakened pathogens or pathogen products to stimulate protective active immunity

A

VACCINATION (IMMUNIZATION)

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24
Q

an inactived or attenuated pathogen, or a harmless pathogen product, used to induce artificial active immunity

A

VACCINE

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25
Q

prominent in secondary response

A

IgG

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26
Q

prominent in secretions

A

IgA

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27
Q

prominent in primary antibody response

A

IgM

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28
Q

prominent in worm infestations and allergies

A

IgE

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29
Q

receptor on B-lymphocyte

A

IgD

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30
Q

an autoimmune disorder in which immune cells attack and destroy insulin-secreting Beta cells in the pancreas, resulting in an inability to metabolize sugars and control blood glucose levels. With no cure, it must treat their condition by strict diet control and regular injection (or subcutaneous infusion) of insulin.

A

Type 1 Diabetes

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31
Q

life-threatening allergic reaction

A

ANAPHYLAXIS

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32
Q

autoantibodies are made against thyroglobulin, a protein product of the thyroid gland that assist in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. In this disease, antibodies to thyroglobulin bind complement proteins, leading to local inflammation and the destruction of host cells.

A

HASHIMOTO’S DISEASE (HYPOTHYROIDISM)

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33
Q

a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes tumor necrosis factor alpha, an inflammatory cytokine linked to several autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and psoriasis

A

ADALIMUMAB (marketed as the drug Humira)

34
Q

the monocolonal antibody targets B-cell activating factor, a cytokine that stimulates B cell maturation but is overexpressed in SLE patients, causing the persistence of B cells that produce autoantibodies

A

BELIMUMAB (marketed as the drug Benlysta)

35
Q

autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle (II)

A

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

36
Q

autosntibodies against basement membrane of kidney glomeruli (II)

A

GOODPASTURE’S SYNDROME

37
Q

autoantibodies against self IgG antibodies, which form complexes deposited in joint tissue, casuing inflammation and cartilage destruction (III)

A

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

38
Q

autoantibodies agglutinate host sperm cells (II)

A

MALE INFERTILITY

39
Q

autoantibodies prevent absorption of vitamin B12 (III)

A

PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

40
Q

autoantibody response to various cellular constituents result in immune complex formation (III)

A

SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

41
Q

autoantibodies to adrenal cell antigens (II)

A

ADDISON’S DISEASE

42
Q

cell-mediated response against brain tissue (IV)

A

ALLERGIC ENCEPHALITIS

43
Q

cell-mediated and autoantibody response against central nervous system (II and IV)

A

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

44
Q

superantigen that produce by Streptococcus pyogenes which is responsible for scarlet fever

A

ERYTHROGENIC TOXIN

45
Q

genetic disorder that prevents proper formation of B and T cells

A

SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (SCID)

46
Q

a molecule that retains its antigenicity but is no longer toxic

A

TOXOID

47
Q

those that have lost their virulence but still retain the immunizing antigens

A

ATTENUATED STRAINS

48
Q

are effectors T cells having natural anticancer activity that are extracted from tumors, propagated in the laboratory and then infused back into the patient to amplify the immune response against the cancer cells

A

TUMOR-INFILTRATING LYMPHOCYTES (TILs)

49
Q

are engineered receptors designed to enhance the ability of T-cells, a type of immune cell, to recognize and attack cancer cells. It is a form of immunotherapy that modifies T-cells to express, enabling them to specifically target tumor cells.

A

CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTOR (CAR) T CELLS

50
Q

True or False. Gram-positive bacteria are often sensitive to natural penicillin, whereas gram-negative bacteria are generally resistant

A

TRUE

51
Q

True or False. Tetracycline are generally effective against both groups.

A

TRUE

52
Q

True or False. Vanomycin, a narrow-spectrum antibiotic that is an effective bactericidal agent for penicillin-resistant, gram-positive bacteria, including certain enterococci, staphylococci, and clostridia.

A

TRUE

53
Q

a synthetic compound that chemically resembles a growth factor, but whose subtle structural differences prevent the analog from functioning as a growth factor in the cell, thereby disrupting cell metabolism

A

GROWTH FACTOR ANALOG

54
Q

is an analog of nicotinamide, a vitamin required for mycolic acid synthesis, which is, in turn, required to construct the mycobacterial cell wall

A

ISONIAZID

55
Q

involves disrupting the machinery and processes responsible for the production of proteins in cell

A

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AS A DRUG TARGET

56
Q

inhibit translation by targeting the 30s subunit of the ribosome, and it is useful for treating infections caused by gram-negative bacteria, Example, streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin.

A

AMINOGLYCOSIDE

57
Q

interfere with the function of the 30s subunit of the ribosome and it is a broad spectrum antibiotics produced by several species of Streptomyces, and they inhibit clinically relevant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

A

TETRACYCLINE

58
Q

inhibit translation by targeting 50s subunit of the bacterial ribosome. Example: erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin

A

MACROLIDE

59
Q

are synthetic antibacterial compounds that disrupt bacterial metabolism by interfering with DNA gyrase, thus preventing the supercoiling and packaging of DNA in the bacterial cell

A

QUINOLONES

60
Q

True or False. Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin are fluorinated derivatives of quinolones that are routinely used to treat urinary tract infections and have been widely used in the beef and poultry for prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases in animals

A

TRUE

61
Q

inhibit RNA synthesis by binding to the Beta-subunit of RNA polymerase in Bacteria

A

RIFAMPIN

62
Q

are synthetic growth factor analogs, block a key biosyntyhetic pathway in Bacteria

A

SULFA DRUGS

63
Q

simplest sulfa drug, is an analog of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), which is a component of the vitamin folic acid, a nucleic acid precursor

A

SULFANILAMIDE

64
Q

produce by species of Streptomyces and is a cyclic lipopeptide with a unique mode of action.
-binds specifically to bacterial cytoplasmic membranes, form a pore, and induces rapid depolarization of the membrane. The depolarized cell quickly loses its ability to synthesize macromolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, resulting in cell death

A

DAPTOMYCIN

65
Q

produced by Streptomyces platensis, ia an unsual antibiotic that inhibits fatty acid and lipiud biosynthesis
- effective against a broad range of gram-positive Bactria, including nearly untreatable infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant enetrococci

A

PLATENSIMYCIN

66
Q

inhibiting elongation of the viral nucleic acid chain by a nucleic aid polymerase

A

NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NRTIs)

67
Q

effectively blocks reverse transcription and production of complementary DNA (cDNA) in HIV and other retroviruses

A

ZIDOVUDINE/AZIDOTHYMIDINE

68
Q

binds directly reverse transcriptase and inhibits reverse transcription

A

NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NNRTIs)

69
Q

disrupt viral replication by binding the active site of HIV protease, preventing this enzyme from processing large viral poly-proteins into several individual viral components including reverse transcriptase and integrase

A

PROTEASE INHIBITORS

70
Q

is a 36-amino-acid synthetic peptide that binds to the gp41 membrane prortein of HIV; this stops the conformational changes necessary for the fusion of HIV with T lymphocyte membranes, thus preventing infection of host immune cells by HIV

A

ENFUVIRTIDE

71
Q

these drugs block the active site of neuraminidase in influenza A and B viruses, inhibiting virus release fro infected cells

A

REUMAMINIDASE INHIBITORS
- include oseltamivir and peramivir

72
Q

produced by species of Streptomyces bacteria, which binds specifically to ergosterol, causing membrane permeability and cell death

A

POLYENE ANTIBIOTICS

73
Q

broad-spectrum antifungal drugs that work by selectively inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis. Treatment with these drugs causes membrane damage and alteration of critical membrane transport activities

A

AZOLES and ALLYLAMINES

74
Q

cell wall inhibitors that block the activity of 1,3-Beta-D-glucan synthase, the enzyme that form Beta-glucan polymers in the fungal cell wall

A

ECHINOCANDINS

75
Q

inhibit cell wall synthesis by interfering with chitin biosynthesis

A

POLYOXINS

76
Q

-produced in low amounts by the chinese wormwood plant (Artemisia), in which traditionally been used to control the cyclic fever associated with malaria
- also be an effective treatment for certain helminth diseases, such as schictomiasis

A

ARTEMISINS

77
Q

treating schictomiasis and tapeworm

A

PRAZIQUANTEL

78
Q

treating avariety of helminth infections, including tapeworm, pinworms, hookworms, trichinosis, and ascariasis

A

MEBENDAZOLE

79
Q

Enzymes encoded by genes on R plasmids confer resistance by any of three classes of mechanisms:

A
  • modifying and inactivating the drug
  • preventing uptake of the drug
    -actively pumping the antibiotic out of the cell, called efflux
80
Q

a protease inhibitor that impedes the multiplication of HIV in infected individuals by binding the active site of the HIV protease enzyme

A

SAQUINAVIR (marketed as Invirase)

MICROBIOLOGY (12 decks)

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