CHAPTER 28 Flashcards
IMMUNE DISORDERS AND ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
an antigen that elicits an immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction
ALLERGEN
an antibiotic, such as streptomycin, containing amino sugars linked by glycosidic bonds
AMINOGLYCOSIDE
a chemical substance produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of another microorganisms
ANTIBIOTIC
the acquired ability of a microorganism to resist the effects of an antimicrobial agent to which it was formerly susceptible
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCE
an antibody that reacts to self antigens
ANTOANTIBODY
a harmful immune reaction directed against self antigens
AUTOIMMUNITY
penicillin, cephalosporin, or a related antibiotic that contains the four-membered heterocycylic beta-lactam ring
BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC
-inhibit cell wall synthesis
an inflammatory allergic response mediated by Th 1 lymphocytes
DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY (DTH)
a synthetic polypeptide that binds to viral glycoproteins, inhibiting fusion of viral and host cell membranes
FUSION INHIBITOR
a chemical agent that has a similar structure to and blocks the uptake or utilization of a growth factor
GROWTH FACTOR ANALOG
an immune response leading to damage to host tissues
HYPERSENSITIVITY
an allergic response mediated by vasoactive products released from IgE-sensitized mast cells
IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSITIVITY
the treatment of a disease, especially cancer, using targeted therapeutic agents that either enhance or suppress the immune response
IMMUNOTHERAPY
erythromycin or a elated antibiotic that contains a lactone ring bonded to sugars
MACROLIDE
a nonnucleoside compound that inhibits the action of retroviral reverse transcriptase by binding directly to the catalytic site
NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR (NNRTI)
a nucleoside analog compound that inhibits the action of retroviral reverse transcriptase by competing with nucleosides
NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR (NRTI)
a compound that inhibits the action of viral protease by binding directly to the catalytic site, preventing viral protein processing
PROTEASE INHIBITOR
a synthetic antibacterial compound that inhibits DNA gyrase and prevents supercoiling of bacterial DNA
QUINOLONE
the ability of a compound to inhibit or kill a pathogen without adversely affecting the host
SELECTIVE TOXICITY
synthetic growth factor analogs that inhibit folic acid biosynthesis in Bacteria
SULFA DRUGS
a pathogen product capable of eliciting an inappropriately strong inflammatory immune response by stimulating greater than normal numbers of T cells
SUPERANTIGEN
an antibiotic characterized by the four-member naphthacene ring structure
TETRACYCLINE
the inoculation of a host with inactive or weakened pathogens or pathogen products to stimulate protective active immunity
VACCINATION (IMMUNIZATION)
an inactived or attenuated pathogen, or a harmless pathogen product, used to induce artificial active immunity
VACCINE
prominent in secondary response
IgG
prominent in secretions
IgA
prominent in primary antibody response
IgM
prominent in worm infestations and allergies
IgE
receptor on B-lymphocyte
IgD
an autoimmune disorder in which immune cells attack and destroy insulin-secreting Beta cells in the pancreas, resulting in an inability to metabolize sugars and control blood glucose levels. With no cure, it must treat their condition by strict diet control and regular injection (or subcutaneous infusion) of insulin.
Type 1 Diabetes
life-threatening allergic reaction
ANAPHYLAXIS
autoantibodies are made against thyroglobulin, a protein product of the thyroid gland that assist in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. In this disease, antibodies to thyroglobulin bind complement proteins, leading to local inflammation and the destruction of host cells.
HASHIMOTO’S DISEASE (HYPOTHYROIDISM)
a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes tumor necrosis factor alpha, an inflammatory cytokine linked to several autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and psoriasis
ADALIMUMAB (marketed as the drug Humira)
the monocolonal antibody targets B-cell activating factor, a cytokine that stimulates B cell maturation but is overexpressed in SLE patients, causing the persistence of B cells that produce autoantibodies
BELIMUMAB (marketed as the drug Benlysta)
autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle (II)
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
autosntibodies against basement membrane of kidney glomeruli (II)
GOODPASTURE’S SYNDROME
autoantibodies against self IgG antibodies, which form complexes deposited in joint tissue, casuing inflammation and cartilage destruction (III)
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
autoantibodies agglutinate host sperm cells (II)
MALE INFERTILITY
autoantibodies prevent absorption of vitamin B12 (III)
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
autoantibody response to various cellular constituents result in immune complex formation (III)
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
autoantibodies to adrenal cell antigens (II)
ADDISON’S DISEASE
cell-mediated response against brain tissue (IV)
ALLERGIC ENCEPHALITIS
cell-mediated and autoantibody response against central nervous system (II and IV)
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
superantigen that produce by Streptococcus pyogenes which is responsible for scarlet fever
ERYTHROGENIC TOXIN
genetic disorder that prevents proper formation of B and T cells
SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (SCID)
a molecule that retains its antigenicity but is no longer toxic
TOXOID
those that have lost their virulence but still retain the immunizing antigens
ATTENUATED STRAINS
are effectors T cells having natural anticancer activity that are extracted from tumors, propagated in the laboratory and then infused back into the patient to amplify the immune response against the cancer cells
TUMOR-INFILTRATING LYMPHOCYTES (TILs)
are engineered receptors designed to enhance the ability of T-cells, a type of immune cell, to recognize and attack cancer cells. It is a form of immunotherapy that modifies T-cells to express, enabling them to specifically target tumor cells.
CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTOR (CAR) T CELLS
True or False. Gram-positive bacteria are often sensitive to natural penicillin, whereas gram-negative bacteria are generally resistant
TRUE
True or False. Tetracycline are generally effective against both groups.
TRUE
True or False. Vanomycin, a narrow-spectrum antibiotic that is an effective bactericidal agent for penicillin-resistant, gram-positive bacteria, including certain enterococci, staphylococci, and clostridia.
TRUE
a synthetic compound that chemically resembles a growth factor, but whose subtle structural differences prevent the analog from functioning as a growth factor in the cell, thereby disrupting cell metabolism
GROWTH FACTOR ANALOG
is an analog of nicotinamide, a vitamin required for mycolic acid synthesis, which is, in turn, required to construct the mycobacterial cell wall
ISONIAZID
involves disrupting the machinery and processes responsible for the production of proteins in cell
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AS A DRUG TARGET
inhibit translation by targeting the 30s subunit of the ribosome, and it is useful for treating infections caused by gram-negative bacteria, Example, streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin.
AMINOGLYCOSIDE
interfere with the function of the 30s subunit of the ribosome and it is a broad spectrum antibiotics produced by several species of Streptomyces, and they inhibit clinically relevant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
TETRACYCLINE
inhibit translation by targeting 50s subunit of the bacterial ribosome. Example: erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin
MACROLIDE
are synthetic antibacterial compounds that disrupt bacterial metabolism by interfering with DNA gyrase, thus preventing the supercoiling and packaging of DNA in the bacterial cell
QUINOLONES
True or False. Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin are fluorinated derivatives of quinolones that are routinely used to treat urinary tract infections and have been widely used in the beef and poultry for prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases in animals
TRUE
inhibit RNA synthesis by binding to the Beta-subunit of RNA polymerase in Bacteria
RIFAMPIN
are synthetic growth factor analogs, block a key biosyntyhetic pathway in Bacteria
SULFA DRUGS
simplest sulfa drug, is an analog of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), which is a component of the vitamin folic acid, a nucleic acid precursor
SULFANILAMIDE
produce by species of Streptomyces and is a cyclic lipopeptide with a unique mode of action.
-binds specifically to bacterial cytoplasmic membranes, form a pore, and induces rapid depolarization of the membrane. The depolarized cell quickly loses its ability to synthesize macromolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, resulting in cell death
DAPTOMYCIN
produced by Streptomyces platensis, ia an unsual antibiotic that inhibits fatty acid and lipiud biosynthesis
- effective against a broad range of gram-positive Bactria, including nearly untreatable infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant enetrococci
PLATENSIMYCIN
inhibiting elongation of the viral nucleic acid chain by a nucleic aid polymerase
NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NRTIs)
effectively blocks reverse transcription and production of complementary DNA (cDNA) in HIV and other retroviruses
ZIDOVUDINE/AZIDOTHYMIDINE
binds directly reverse transcriptase and inhibits reverse transcription
NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NNRTIs)
disrupt viral replication by binding the active site of HIV protease, preventing this enzyme from processing large viral poly-proteins into several individual viral components including reverse transcriptase and integrase
PROTEASE INHIBITORS
is a 36-amino-acid synthetic peptide that binds to the gp41 membrane prortein of HIV; this stops the conformational changes necessary for the fusion of HIV with T lymphocyte membranes, thus preventing infection of host immune cells by HIV
ENFUVIRTIDE
these drugs block the active site of neuraminidase in influenza A and B viruses, inhibiting virus release fro infected cells
REUMAMINIDASE INHIBITORS
- include oseltamivir and peramivir
produced by species of Streptomyces bacteria, which binds specifically to ergosterol, causing membrane permeability and cell death
POLYENE ANTIBIOTICS
broad-spectrum antifungal drugs that work by selectively inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis. Treatment with these drugs causes membrane damage and alteration of critical membrane transport activities
AZOLES and ALLYLAMINES
cell wall inhibitors that block the activity of 1,3-Beta-D-glucan synthase, the enzyme that form Beta-glucan polymers in the fungal cell wall
ECHINOCANDINS
inhibit cell wall synthesis by interfering with chitin biosynthesis
POLYOXINS
-produced in low amounts by the chinese wormwood plant (Artemisia), in which traditionally been used to control the cyclic fever associated with malaria
- also be an effective treatment for certain helminth diseases, such as schictomiasis
ARTEMISINS
treating schictomiasis and tapeworm
PRAZIQUANTEL
treating avariety of helminth infections, including tapeworm, pinworms, hookworms, trichinosis, and ascariasis
MEBENDAZOLE
Enzymes encoded by genes on R plasmids confer resistance by any of three classes of mechanisms:
- modifying and inactivating the drug
- preventing uptake of the drug
-actively pumping the antibiotic out of the cell, called efflux
a protease inhibitor that impedes the multiplication of HIV in infected individuals by binding the active site of the HIV protease enzyme
SAQUINAVIR (marketed as Invirase)
