Chapter 3: Psychosocial Theories and Therapy Flashcards
Who developed Psychoanalytic Theory?
Sigmund Freud
What does Psychoanalytic Theory support?
The notion that all human behavior is caused and cab be explained (deterministic theory). Beleives that represed sexual impulses and desired motivate human behvaior
Psychoanalytic Theories: Freud said the personality structure had three compoents.. what were they?
The id, ego, and superego
Psychoanalytic Theories: What is the id?
Part ofo nes nature that reflects basic or innate desires such as pleasure seaeking behavior, aggression and sexual impulses . Id seeks instant gratification . Has no regard for rules or social convection
Psychoanalytic Theories: What is the superego?
REflects moral and ethical concepts, values, and parental and social expectations. Direct opposite of id
Psychoanalytic Theories: What is the ego?
Balancing or mediating force between id and superego. Represents mature and adaptive behavior that allows person to function successfully in world
Psychoanalytic Theories: Why did Freud believe Anxiety existed?
Because the ego attempted to balance the impulsive instincts of the id with rules of the superego
Psychoanalytic Theories: Freud believe that the human personality had what three levels of awareness?
Conscious, Preconscious and Unconscious
Psychoanalytic Theories: What does conscious refer to?
Perceptions, thoughts, and emotions thate xist in the persons awareness such as being aware of happy feelingsor thinking about a loved one
Psychoanalytic Theories: What is preconscious ?
thoughts and emotions are not currently in persons awareness but can recall with some effort. Example is remember what they thought or did as a child
Psychoanalytic Theories: What is unconscious?
Realm of thoughts and feelings that m otivates a person even though he or she is unaware of them. Includes defense mechanisms and soem instinctual drives
Psychoanalytic Theories: What is a Freudian Slip?
Term used to describe slips of the tongue . Example is saying the wrong thing to someone. Believed these weren’t accidents but subconscious thoughts instead
Psychoanalytic Theories: Freud believe that a persons dream reflect what?
His or her subconscious and have significant meaning
Psychoanalytic Theories: What is Dream Analysis?
Primary technique used in psychoanalysis that involves discussing clients dream to discover their true meaning
Psychoanalytic Theories: What is Free Association?
Therapist tries to uncover the client’s true thoughts and feelings bys aying a word and asking client to respopnd quickly with what comes to mind. Believed this unconvered subconscious or repressed thoguhts
Psychoanalytic Theories: How did Freud Analyze dreams?
Through Dream Analysis or Free Association
Psychoanalytic Theories: Freud believed that the self, or ego, uses ego defense mechanisms. What is this?
Methods of attempting to protect the self and cope with basic drives or emotionally painful thoughts, feelings, or events
Psychoanalytic Theories and Five Stages of Psychosexual Development: Freud based theory of childhood development on belief that
sexual energy, termed libido, was the driving force of human behavior. Proposed children has stages of psychosexual development
Psychoanalytic Theories and Five Stages of Psychosexual Development: What wer the five stages?
Oral (Birth - 18 months) Anal (18-36 Months) Phallic/Oedipal (3-5 Years) Latency (5-11 years) Genital (11-13)
Psychoanalytic Theories: What is Transference?
Occurs when the client displaces onto the therapist attitudes and feelings that the client originally experience in other relationships
Psychoanalytic Theories: Example of Transference?
Female client working with nurse who is age of parents would react to nurse just like how she reacts to parents
Psychoanalytic Theories: What is Countertransference?
Occurs when therapist displaces onto the client atitudes or feelings from his or her past
Psychoanalytic Theories: Example of Countertransfernece?
Female nurse who has teenage children may display extreme frustration toward client and respond with parental or chastistng tone
Psychoanalytic Theories: What is Psychoanalysis?
Focuses on discovering the causes of the client’s unconscious and repressed thoughts, feelings, and conflicts believed to cause anxiety and on helping the client gain insight into and resolve these conflicts
What theory was Erik Erikson apart of?
Developmental Theories
Developmental Theories and Erik Erikson: What did he describe in his book?
Eight psychosocial stages of development. Must complete task tht is essential to his or her well-being and mental health
Developmental Theories and Erik Erikson: What are the eight psychosocial stages developed?
Trust vs Mistrust Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt Initiative vs Guilt Industry vs Inferiority Identity vs Role Confusion Intimacy vs Isolation Generativity vs Stagnation Ego Integrity vs Despair
Developmental Theories and Jean Piaget: What did he explore?
How intelligence and cogntive functioning develop in children. Believed human intelligence progresses through a series of stages based on age
Developmental Theories and Jean Piaget: How many stages did he believe in?
Four
Developmental Theories and Jean Piaget: What were the four stages he believed in?
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operations
Formal Operations
Developmental Theories and Jean Piaget: What is Sensorimotor?
Birth to 2 years. Devlops sense of self as separate from environment. Leanrs that objects exist even when out of sight
Developmental Theories and Jean Piaget: What is Preoperational?
2-6 years. CHild develops abiltiy to express self with language, understands symboic gestures
Developmental Theories and Jean Piaget: What is Concrete Operations?
6-12 years. Child begins to apply logic to thinking and is increasingly social and able to apply to rules.
Developmental Theories and Jean Piaget: What is Formal Operations?
12-15 years . Child learns to think and reason in abstract terms
What category did Jean Piaget fall into?
Development Theories
Interpersonal Theoreis and Harry Sullivan: What did Sullivan believe in?
Believed that one’s personality invovles more than individual characteristics, particularly how one interacts with other
Interpersonal Theoreis and Harry Sullivan: What did he think produced anxietyu?
Inadequate or nonsatisfying relationships
Interpersonal Theoreis and Harry Sullivan: What did Sullivan establish?
Five Live Stages. Infancy, Childhood, Juvenile, Preadolescence, and Adolescence
Interpersonal Theoreis and Harry Sullivan: What other mode did Sullivan develop?
Three developmental cognitive modes of experience and believed that mental disorders are related to the persistence of one of the early modes
Interpersonal Theoreis and Harry Sullivan: What were the three modes ?
Prototaxic Mode
Parataxic Mode
Syntaxic Mode
Interpersonal Theoreis and Harry Sullivan: What was Prototaxic Mode?
Characteristic of infancy and childhood, invovles brief, unconnected experiences that have no relaitonship to another
Interpersonal Theoreis and Harry Sullivan: What type of adults show prototaxic mode?
Those with schizophrenia
Interpersonal Theoreis and Harry Sullivan: What is a Parataxic mode?
Begins in early childhood as child vegins to connect experiences in sequence. Seeks to relieve anxiety by repeating familar experiences
Interpersonal Theoreis and Harry Sullivan: What is Syntaxic Mode?
Appears in school-aged children. Person begins to perceive him or himself and the world within context of the environment and can analyze experiencces
Interpersonal Theoreis and Harry Sullivan: what goal did sullivan envision?
Goal of treatment as establishment of satisfying interpersonal relationships
Interpersonal Theoreis and Harry Sullivan: What does Participantt Observer mean?
Coined the term for the therapists role, meaning therapist both participates ina nd observes the progress of the relationship
Interpersonal Theoreis and Harry Sullivan: What did Sullivan develop for the community?
First therapeutic community or milieu for young men with schizophrenia in 1929.
Interpersonal Theoreis and Harry Sullivan: What type of intereaction was focused on in the milieu?
Interaction among clients seen as beneficial and treatment emphasizes the role of this client-to-client interaction
Interpersonal Theoreis and Harry Sullivan: Whaht is Milieu therapy?
Involves clients interactions with one another , including practicing interpersonal relationship skills, givine one another feedback about behavior, and working cooperatively as a group to solve day-to-day problems
Interpersonal Theoreis and Harry Sullivan: What therapy was one of the primary modes of treatment in acute hospital settings?
Milieu therapy.
Interpersonal Theories and Hildegard Peplau: What did Peplau develop?
Concept of therapeutic nurse-patient relationship
Interpersonal Theories and Hildegard Peplau: What four phases did nurse-patient relationship include?
Orientation
Idientification
Exploitation
Resolution
Interpersonal Theories and Hildegard Peplau: What occurs in the orientation phase?
Directed by nurse and involves engaging the client in treatment, providing explanations and information, and answering questions
Interpersonal Theories and Hildegard Peplau: What occurs in the identification phase?
Begins when client works interdependently witht he nurse, expresses feelings and begins to feel stronger
Interpersonal Theories and Hildegard Peplau: What occurs in the exploitation phase?
Client makes full use of services offered
Interpersonal Theories and Hildegard Peplau: What occurs in resolution phase?
Client no longer needs professional services and gives up dependent behavior. Relationship ends.
Interpersonal Theories and Hildegard Peplau: What else did Peplau write about?
How nurses have different roles to meet client needs.
Stranger Resource Perso Teacher Leader Surrogate Counselor
Interpersonal Theories and Hildegard Peplau: How did she feel about anxiety?
Felt it was an initial response to a psychic threat. Four levels. Mild, Moderate, Severe, and Panic
Interpersonal Theories and Hildegard Peplau: What is Mild Anxiety?
Positive state of heightened awareness and sharpened senses, allowing the person to learn new behaviors and solve problems. Can take in all stimuli
Interpersonal Theories and Hildegard Peplau: What is moderate anxiety?
Decreased perceptual field (focus only ontask): person can learn new behavior or solve problems only with assistance. Another person can redirect person to task
Interpersonal Theories and Hildegard Peplau: What is Severe Anxiety?
Feeling of dread and terror. Person cannot be redirected to task. Focuses only on details. Has tachycardia, chest pain. May believe having heart attack
Interpersonal Theories and Hildegard Peplau: What is panic anxiety?
Loss of rational thought, delusions, hallucinations and complete physical immobility and muteness.
Humanistic Theories: What do these represent?
Significant shift away from psychoanalytic view of person driven by impulse and focus on examination of client’s past experiences
Humanistic Theories: Humanism focuses on
persons positive qualities, his or her capacity to change, and promotion of self-esteem
Humanistic Theories: Who were the important theoriests here?
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Humanistic Theories and Maslow: How was he different from others?
Focused on the total person, not just one facet of the person and emphasized health instead of simply illness and problems.
Humanistic Theories and Maslow: What did he formulate?
The hierachy of needs
Humanistic Theories and Maslow: What is the hierarchy of needs?
Used a pyramid to arrange and illustrate the basic drives or needsd that motivate people
Humanistic Theories and Maslow: First level?
Physiologic needs of food, water, sleep, shelter, sexual expression and freedom from pain
Humanistic Theories and Maslow: Second level?
Safety and security needs which include protection, security, and freedom from harm
Humanistic Theories and Maslow: Third level?
Love and belonging needs which include enduring intimacy, frrienship, and acceptance
Humanistic Theories and Maslow: Fourth level?
Esteem needs, which include the need for self-respect and esteem from other
Humanistic Theories and Maslow: Highest level?
Self-Actualization, the need for beauty, truth, and justice
Humanistic Theories and Maslow: He used the term self-actualization.. what does this mean?
TO describe a person who has achieved all the needs of the hierarchy and developed his or her fullest potential in life
Humanistic Theories and Carl Rogers: He was the firs tot use what term?
Client instead of patient
Humanistic Theories and Carl Rogers: How did he work?
Focused on the therapeutic relatioship and developed a new method of client-centered therapy.
Humanistic Theories and Carl Rogers: What was client-centered therapy?
Focuses on role of client rather than therapist. Believed client’s do their own healing and cure themselves
Humanistic Theories and Carl Rogers: What would a therapist do in a client-centered therapy?
Takes supportive role. Must promote client’s seelf esteem through threee concepts.
Unconditional Positive Regard
Genuineness
Empatheetic Understanding
Humanistic Theories and Carl Rogers: What is Unconditional Positive Regard
Nonjudgmental caring for the client that is not dependent on clients behavior
Humanistic Theories and Carl Rogers: What is Genuineness
Realness or congruence between what the therapist feels and what he says to client
Humanistic Theories and Carl Rogers: What is Empathetic Understanding?
Therapist senses the feeling and personal meaning from client and communicates this understanding to client
Humanistic Theories and Carl Rogers: What does Unconditional postiive regard promote?
The client’s self-esteem and decreases his or her need for defensive behavior
Humanistic Theories and Carl Rogers: He also believes that the basic nature of humans is to become..
self-actualized. To move toward self-improvement and consructive change
Behavioral Theories: How does Behaviorism work?
Focuses on observable behaviors and what one can do externally to bring about behavior changes. Doesn’t attempt to explain how mind works
Behavioral Theories: They believe behavior can be changed how?
System of rewards and punishments
Behavioral Theories: Who were the main theorists here?
Ivan Pavlov
B.F Skinner
Behavioral and Ivan Pavlov: What did his experiment with dogs involve?
Dogs naturall salivate (response) when they saw or smelled food (stimulus).
Changed behavior through conditioning. Rang bell (new stimulus) then produce food. Evantually he could ring bell and the dog would salivate without seeing or smelling food.
Behavioral and B.F. Skinner: What did he develop?
Operant COnditioning
Behavioral and B.F. Skinner: hat is Operant COnditioning
Says people learn their behaviors frfom history or past experiences
Behavioral and B.F. Skinner: What were the principles of operant conditioning described by him?
All behavior learn
Consequence result from behavior
Behavior thats rewarded recurs
Negative reinforceers that are removed after behavior will increase change of behavior occuring
Continuous reinforcment is fastest way to increase behavior
Random reinforcement is slower but continuous after reward stops
POsitive reinforcement after behavior increases chance of it happening
Behavioral and B.F. Skinner: He used Behavior Modificiation. What is this?
MEthod of attempting to strengthen a desired behavior or response by reinforcement, either positive or negative
Behavioral and B.F. Skinner: Example of operant principles in group home?
Receive points for completing tasks like completing ADLs. Receives tokens at end of week which can be redeemed.
Behavioral and B.F. Skinner: What other major thing did he create?
Systematic Desensitization
Existential Theories: Theorists believe that..
behvaior deviations result when a person is out of touch with him or herself in the environment
Existential Theories: All these thories have a goal of
helping the person discover an authentic sense of self. Emphasize personal responsibilty for oneself, feelings, behaviors, and choices
Existential Theories: What are the five therapies included here?
Rational Emotive Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Logotherapy
Gestalt Therapy
Reality therapy
Existential Theories: What does Cognitive therapy focus on?
Immediate thought processing, how a person perceives or interprets his or her experience and determines how she feels and behaves
Existential Theories: Example of Cognitive Therapy?
If person interprets a situation as dangerous she may experience anxiety
Existential Theories: Who is credited with pioneering cognitive therapy in persons with depression?
Aaron beck
Existential Theories and Rational Emotive Therapy: Who founded this?
Albert Ellis
Existential Theories and Rational Emotive Therapy: What did he identify?
11 “irrational Beliefs” that people use to make themselves unhappy.
Existential Theories and Rational Emotive Therapy: Example of irrational belief?
If i love someone, he or she must love me back just as much. This false thought makes person unhapppy but will blame that person
Existential Theories and Logotherapy: Who created this
Viktor Frankl
Existential Theories and Logotherapy: Based his beliefs on what?
Observation of people in Nazi concentration camps
Existential Theories and Logotherapy: What did he conclude from studying people in concentration camps
Concluded that survivors were able to find meaning in their lives even in miserable conditions. So people must find meaning (logos).
Existential Theories and Logotherapy: What field today uses this the most?
Therapists who work with clients in spirituality and grief counseling often use concepts that Frankl developed
Existential Theories and Gastalt Therapy: Fonded by who
Frederick “Fritz” Perls
Existential Theories and Gastalt Therapy: What did he emphasize?
Identifying the person’s feelings and thoughts in the here and now. Believed self-awareness lead to self-acceptance and responsibility to ones own thoughts
Existential Theories and Gastalt Therapy: Therapists often use this therapy to increase
clients self-awareness by having them write and read letters, keep journals, and perform other activities designed to put the past to rest
Existential Theories and Reality Therapy: Who created this?
William Glasser
Existential Theories and Reality Therapy: What is this?
Focusees on persons behavior and how that behavior keeps him from achieving life goals
Existential Theories and Reality Therapy: How does this work?
Challenges clients to examine the way in which their own behavior thwarts their attempts to achieve life goals
Crisis Intervention: What is a crisis?
Turning point in an individuals life that produces an overwhelming emotional response.
Crisis Intervention: What are the stages of crisis?
- Person exposed to stressor, expiernces anxiety, and tries to cope
- Anxiety increases when customary coping skills are ineffective
- Person makes all possible effort sot deal with stressor
- When coping attemps fail, person experiences disequilibrium
Crisis Intervention: Crises occur and fall into what three categories?
Maturational Crises
Situational Crises
Adventitious Crises
Crisis Intervention: What is a Maturational Crises?
Sometimes called developmental crises, predicftable events in normal course of life. Like leaving home for first itme, getting married, having baby
Crisis Intervention: What are Situational Crises?
Unanticipated or sudden events that threaten individuals integrity, such as death of loved one or loss of job
Crisis Intervention: What is a Adventitious Crises?
Include natural disasters, terrosits attacks, riots, violent crimes
Crisis Intervention: What are the three factors that influence whether or not an individual experiences a crises?
Individuals perception of event
Availability of emotional supports
Availability of adequate coping mechanisms
Crisis Intervention: What are the three outcomes of a criss?
Person reutnrs to precrisis level
Functionals at a higher level
Persons functioning stabilizises at a lower level than precrisis functioning
Crisis Intervention: What does Crisis Intervention include?
A variety of techniques based on the assessment of hte individual.
Crisis Intervention: How do Directive Interventions help?
Designed ot assess persons health status and promote problem solving and raising the person’s self-awareness by providing feedback
Crisis Intervention: How do Supportive Interventions help?
Aim at dealing with person’s needs for empathetic understanding, such as encourage person to identify and discuss feelings
indvidual Psychotherapy: What is this?
Method of bringing about change in a person by exploring his or her feelings, attitudes, thinking and behavior. Involves one-to-one reltionsjop
indvidual Psychotherapy: What is the key to success in this type of therapy?
Therapist-client relationship. Both must comunicate for this to be effective
Groups: What is group content?
Refers to what is said in the context of hte group, including educational material, feelings, and emotions
Groups: What is group process?
Refers to behavior of the group and its individual members, including seating arrangements, tone of voice and who speaks to whom
Groups: What is the goal os psychotherapy group?
Members to learn about their behavior and make positive changes in their behavior by interacting and communicating with others as a a member of the group
What is Complementary Medicine?
Includes therapies used with convetional medicine practices
What is Alternative Medicine?
Includes therapies used in place of convetional treatment
What is Integrative medicine?
Combines conventional medical therapy and CAM therapies that have specific evidence supporting their safety and effectiveness
