Chapter 3- other

Question 1

What is a hernia?

Answer 1

a protrusion of an organ or the muscular wall of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it

Question 2

What is a hiatal hernia?

Answer 2

this occurs when the stomach protrudes upward into the mediastinum through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm

Question 3

What is an inguinal hernia?

Answer 3

occurs when part of the intestine protrudes downward into the groin region and commonly into the scrotal sac in males

Question 4

What is a cystocele?

Answer 4

occurs when part of the urinary bladder herniates through the vaginal wall as a result of weakness of the pelvic muscles

Question 5

What is a rectocele?

Answer 5

the protrusion of a portion of the rectum toward the vagina

Question 6

What is an omphalocele?

Answer 6

a herniation of the intestines through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the naval occurring in infants at birth.

Question 7

What does streptococcus mean?

Answer 7

berry-shaped bacterium that grows in twisted chains

Question 8

One group of strep causes conditions like______

Another group causes conditions like_______

Answer 8

first group: strep throat, tonsillitis, rheumatic fever, and certain kidney ailments
other group: teeth infections, sinus infections, and infections in the heart valves

Question 9

What does staphylococci mean?

Answer 9

berry-shaped bacteria the grow in clusters

Question 10

staphylococci lesions may be external or internal. Give an example of each

Answer 10

external:
skin abscesses , boils, stye
internal:
abscesses in bone and kidney

Question 11

What is an abscess?

Answer 11

a collection of puss, white blood cells, and protein that is found at the site of an infection

Question 12

MRSA is a staph condition that is hard to treat. Why?

Answer 12

it is difficult to treat with antibiotics

Question 13

What are two examples of diplococcic and give an example for each.

Answer 13

Pneumococci
ie: pneumonia
Gonococci
ie: gonorrhea

Question 14

What is acromegaly?

Answer 14

• an endocrine disorder
• occurs when the pituitary gland produces excessive amount of growth hormone after puberty is over
• the excess hormone typically results from a benign tumor of the pituitary gland
• a person with this disease is normally of normal height however bones and soft tissues in the hands, feet, and face grow abnormally

Question 15

When does Splenomegaly occur?

Answer 15

Occurs with the development of high blood pressure in hepatic veins (portal hypertension) and hemolytic blood diseases. If the spleen is removed other organs carry out its functiohns

Question 16

What is a tracheotomy?

Answer 16

an incision into the trachea to open it below a blockage

Question 17

Why may a tracheotomy be performed?

Answer 17

to remove a foreign body or to obtain a biopsy specimen

Question 18

What is a tracheostomy?

Answer 18

an opening into the trachea through which an indwelling tube is inserted

The tube is required to allow air to flow into the lungs or to help remove secretions (mucus) from the bronchial tubes

Question 19

What are the three types of cells in the blood?

Answer 19

erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes

Question 20

What do erythrocytes do??

Answer 20

Carry oxygen from the lungs through the blood to all body cells

Question 21

What do body cells use the oxygen to do?

Answer 21

burn food and release energy (catabolism)

Question 22

_______ carries the oxygen through the bloodstream

Answer 22

hemoglobin

Question 23

What are the five different types of leukocytes?

Answer 23

Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils 
Lymphocytes 
Monocytes

Question 24

What are Granulocytes?

which of the five different leukocytes fall under this category?

Answer 24

Granulocytes, or polymorphonuclear cells, contain dark-staining granules in their cytoplasm and have a multilobed nucleus. They are formed in the bone marrow.
The three types are: eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils

Question 25

describe eosinophils

Answer 25

granules are stained red; active and increased in number in allergic conditions such as asthma. They make up about 3% of leukocytes

Question 26

describe basophils

Answer 26

granules are stained blue; function of these is unclear; number increases in the healing phase of inflammation. less than 1% of leukocytes

Question 27

describe neutrophils

Answer 27

granules stained pale purple; important disease-fighting cells; They are phagocytes= they engulf and digest bacteria. Most numerous disease fighting “soldiers”; 50-60% of leukocytes

Question 28

What are Mononuclear leukocytes (agranulocytes)?

Which of the five different leukocytes fall under this category?

Answer 28

have one large nucleus and only a few granules in their cytoplasm. They are produced in bone marrow as well as in lymph nodes and the spleen.
The types that are leukocytes: lymphocytes
monocytes

Question 29

describe lymphocytes

Answer 29

fight disease by producing antibodies, thereby destroying foreign cells. Also may attach directly to foreign cells and destroy them. There are two types of lymphocytes: T cells and B cells. about 32% of leukocytes are lymphocytes. In AIDS patients have a serious depletion of T lymphocytes

Question 30

Describe thrombocytes

Answer 30

tiny fragments of cells formed in the bone marrow and are necessary for blood clotting

Question 31

A form of minimally invasive surgery is_______

Answer 31

laparoscopy

Question 32

describe Laparoscopy

Answer 32

visual examination of the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope. A surgeon inserts the laparoscope, a lighted telescopic instrument, through an incision in the abdomen near the naval. Then, gas (carbon dioxide) is infused into the peritoneal cavity, to separate and prevent injury to abdominal viscera for evidence of disease or for procedures such as removal of the appendix, gallbladder, adrenal gland, spleen, or ovary, colon resection, and repair of hernias.

Question 33

What do Monocytes do?

Answer 33

They engulf and destroy cellular debris after neutrophils have attacked foreign cells.

• Monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter tissues (such as lung and liver) to become macrophages (large phagocytes).
• They make up about 4% of all leukocytes