Chapter 3- other Flashcards
What is a hernia?
a protrusion of an organ or the muscular wall of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it
What is a hiatal hernia?
this occurs when the stomach protrudes upward into the mediastinum through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm
What is an inguinal hernia?
occurs when part of the intestine protrudes downward into the groin region and commonly into the scrotal sac in males
What is a cystocele?
occurs when part of the urinary bladder herniates through the vaginal wall as a result of weakness of the pelvic muscles
What is a rectocele?
the protrusion of a portion of the rectum toward the vagina
What is an omphalocele?
a herniation of the intestines through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the naval occurring in infants at birth.
What does streptococcus mean?
berry-shaped bacterium that grows in twisted chains
One group of strep causes conditions like______
Another group causes conditions like_______
first group: strep throat, tonsillitis, rheumatic fever, and certain kidney ailments
other group: teeth infections, sinus infections, and infections in the heart valves
What does staphylococci mean?
berry-shaped bacteria the grow in clusters
staphylococci lesions may be external or internal. Give an example of each
external:
skin abscesses , boils, stye
internal:
abscesses in bone and kidney
What is an abscess?
a collection of puss, white blood cells, and protein that is found at the site of an infection
MRSA is a staph condition that is hard to treat. Why?
it is difficult to treat with antibiotics
What are two examples of diplococcic and give an example for each.
Pneumococci
ie: pneumonia
Gonococci
ie: gonorrhea
What is acromegaly?
- an endocrine disorder
- occurs when the pituitary gland produces excessive amount of growth hormone after puberty is over
- the excess hormone typically results from a benign tumor of the pituitary gland
- a person with this disease is normally of normal height however bones and soft tissues in the hands, feet, and face grow abnormally
When does Splenomegaly occur?
Occurs with the development of high blood pressure in hepatic veins (portal hypertension) and hemolytic blood diseases. If the spleen is removed other organs carry out its functiohns
What is a tracheotomy?
an incision into the trachea to open it below a blockage
Why may a tracheotomy be performed?
to remove a foreign body or to obtain a biopsy specimen
What is a tracheostomy?
an opening into the trachea through which an indwelling tube is inserted
The tube is required to allow air to flow into the lungs or to help remove secretions (mucus) from the bronchial tubes
What are the three types of cells in the blood?
erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes
What do erythrocytes do??
Carry oxygen from the lungs through the blood to all body cells
What do body cells use the oxygen to do?
burn food and release energy (catabolism)
_______ carries the oxygen through the bloodstream
hemoglobin
What are the five different types of leukocytes?
Eosinophils Basophils Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes
What are Granulocytes?
which of the five different leukocytes fall under this category?
Granulocytes, or polymorphonuclear cells, contain dark-staining granules in their cytoplasm and have a multilobed nucleus. They are formed in the bone marrow.
The three types are: eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils
describe eosinophils
granules are stained red; active and increased in number in allergic conditions such as asthma. They make up about 3% of leukocytes
describe basophils
granules are stained blue; function of these is unclear; number increases in the healing phase of inflammation. less than 1% of leukocytes
describe neutrophils
granules stained pale purple; important disease-fighting cells; They are phagocytes= they engulf and digest bacteria. Most numerous disease fighting “soldiers”; 50-60% of leukocytes
What are Mononuclear leukocytes (agranulocytes)?
Which of the five different leukocytes fall under this category?
have one large nucleus and only a few granules in their cytoplasm. They are produced in bone marrow as well as in lymph nodes and the spleen.
The types that are leukocytes: lymphocytes
monocytes
describe lymphocytes
fight disease by producing antibodies, thereby destroying foreign cells. Also may attach directly to foreign cells and destroy them. There are two types of lymphocytes: T cells and B cells. about 32% of leukocytes are lymphocytes. In AIDS patients have a serious depletion of T lymphocytes
Describe thrombocytes
tiny fragments of cells formed in the bone marrow and are necessary for blood clotting
A form of minimally invasive surgery is_______
laparoscopy
describe Laparoscopy
visual examination of the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope. A surgeon inserts the laparoscope, a lighted telescopic instrument, through an incision in the abdomen near the naval. Then, gas (carbon dioxide) is infused into the peritoneal cavity, to separate and prevent injury to abdominal viscera for evidence of disease or for procedures such as removal of the appendix, gallbladder, adrenal gland, spleen, or ovary, colon resection, and repair of hernias.
What do Monocytes do?
They engulf and destroy cellular debris after neutrophils have attacked foreign cells.
- Monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter tissues (such as lung and liver) to become macrophages (large phagocytes).
- They make up about 4% of all leukocytes
