Chapter 3: Medical Terminology - The Skeletal System Flashcards
consists of bones, bone marrow, cartilage, joints, ligaments, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and bursae
skeletal system
cells break down old or damaged bone
osteoclast
cells help rebuild the bone
osteblast
repairs minor damage to the skeletal system
ossification
act as the framework of the body, protect the internal organs, and store calcium
bone
is tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
periosteum
word root: means bone
oste
aka cortical bone. is dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones accounts for more than 75% of the bodys bone matter
compact bone
aka cancellous one. porous (sponge-like) which makes it lighter and weaker than compact bone.
red bone marrow is located within and commonly found in the ends and inner portions of long bones as well as the pelvic bones
spongy bone
femur and hummerus
long bones
include bones of the wrist and ankle. they are cube-shaped and made up spongy bone covered with layer of compact bone
short bones
true or false: bones with a large percentage of spongy one are weaker and more susceptible to fractures
true
the central cavity located in the shaft of long bones where it is surrounded by compact bone
red and yellow bone marrow are stored
medullary cavity
pertaining to the inner section
medullary
the tissue that lines the medullary cavity
endosteum
prefix: means within
end-
located within the spongy bone a hematopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes
red bone marrow
pertaining to the formation of blood cells
hematopoietic
combining form: means blood
hemat/o
suffix: means pertaining to formation
-poietic
functions as a fat storage area. composed chiefly of fat cells and is located in the medullary cavity of long bones
yellow bone marrow
true or false: most bone marrow is red from birth through early adolescence, after which about half is gradually replaced by yellow bone marrow
true
the smooth rubbery blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones
cartilage
true or false: cartilage is more elastic than bone, also makes up the flexible parts of the skeleton such as outer ear and tip of the nose
true
covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate or come together to form joints
makes smooth joint movement possible and protects bones from rubbing each other
articular cartilage
the curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints such as the knee and temporomandibular joint of the jaw
meniscus
shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
wider ends of long bones
singular-epiphysis
epiphyses
true or false: each epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage to protect it
true
the end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body
proximal epiphysis
the end of the bone located farthest away from the midline of the body
distal epiphysis
an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
plural-foramina
foramen
spinal cord passes through the _______ of the occipital bone at the base of the skull
foramen magnum
normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serve as an attachment for a muscle or tendon
process
the bony projection located on the temporal bones behind the ears
mastoid process
the place of union between two or more bones
aka articulations
joints
______ are classified according to their construction or based on degree of movement they allow
joints
consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold bones tightly together
fibrous joints
in adults allow little or no movement
sutures
in newborns and young children, some _______ joints are moveable before they have solidified
fibrous
aka soft spots, normally present on the skull of newborns
fontanelles
facilitate the passage of the infant through the birth canal
allows for growth of skull during the first year
fontanelles
allow only slight movement and consists of bones connected entirely by cartilage
cartilaginous joints
the ribs connect to the _______ (breast bone), these joints allow movement during breathing
sternum
allows some movement to facilitate child birth
this joint located between pubic bones in the anterior of the pelvis
pubic symphysis
created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
synovial joint
_________ joints describe their type of motion
synovial
hips and shoulders allow wide range of movement in many directions
ball-and-socket joints
knees and elbows, allow movement primarily in one direction or plane
hinge jonts
_______________ consists of several components that make complex movements possible
synovial joints
the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
synovial capsule
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
synovial membrane
flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make smooth movement possible
synovial fluid
bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another or by joining a bone to cartilage
ligaments
_____________ such as the knee are made up of a series of ligaments that permit movement in different directions
complex hinge joints
a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction
plural-bursae
bursa
typical adult human skeleton consists of about ______ bones. Depending on the age of the individual, exact number of bones range from ________
206
206-350
skeleton is divided into _______ and _______ skeletal systems
axial and appendicular
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. consists of 80 bones of the head and body organized into five parts
axial skeleton
1) the bones of the skull
2) the ossicles (bones) of the middle ear
3) they hyoid bone located on the throat between the chin and thyroid
4) the rib cage
5) the vertebral column
five parts of the axial skeleton
makes body movements possible and protects the organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction
consists of 126 bones organized into upper and lower extremities
appendicular skeleton
shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
upper extremities
hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet
lower extremities
anything attached to a major part of the body
appendage
referring to an appendage
appendicular
terminal end of a body part
extremity
consists of 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the fact, 6 bones in the middle ear
skull
made up of 8 bones, the portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain
cranium
__________ are joined by jagged fibrous joints that often referred to as sutures
cranial bones
anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead. houses the frontal sinuses and forms the roof of the ethmoid sinuses, the nose and part of the socket that protects the eyeball
frontal bone
two of the largest bones of the skull. form most of the roof and upper sides of cranium
parietal bone
forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium
occipital bone
form the sides and base of the cranium there are two of them
temporal bones
opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear. located within the temporal bone on each side of the skull
external auditory meatus
external opening of a canal
meatus
irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull
sphenoid bone
connects with all of the the cranial bones and helps form the base of the cranium, sides of the skull, and floor and sides of the eye sockets
sphenoid bone
light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose
ethmoid bones
separates the nasal cavity from the brain and it forms a portion of each orbit
ethmoid bone
the bony socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball
orbit
three tiny bones located in each middle ear. known as the malleus, incus, and stapes
auditory ossicles
malleus, incus and stapes
bones located in the middle ear
made up of 14 bones, contain air-filled cavities known as sinuses, purpose is to lighten the weight of the skull
bones of the face
form the upper part of the bridge 2
nasal bones
aka cheek bone, articulate the frontal bone that makes up the forehead 2
zygomatic bones
form the upper jaw aka maxillae 2
singular-maxilla
maxillary bone
form anterior part of palate of the mouth and floor of the nose 2
palatine bones
makes up the orbit 2
lacrimal bones
thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose 2
singular-concha
inferior conchae
forms the nasal septum
vomer bone
cartilage divides the two nasal cavities
nasal septum
aka jawbone, only moveable bone of the skull attached to the skull at the temporomandibular joint
mandible
attached to the mandible abbreviated by TMJ
temporomandibular joint
aka rib cage, bony structure that protects the heart and lungs
thoracic cavity
____________ consists of ribs, sternum, upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm not including the arms
thoracic cavity
12 pairs - 24 total
ribs
aka costals, attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
ribs
word root: means ribs
cost
first seven pairs that attach anteriorly to the sternum
1-7
true ribs
3 pairs attach anteriorly to cartilage that connects them to the sternum
8-10
false ribs
last 2 pairs, only attached posteriorly to the vertebrae but are not attached anteriorly
11-12
floating ribs
aka breast bone, a flat daggered-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest
divided into three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
sternum
by joining with the ribs, the ___________ forms the front of the rib cage
sternum
bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
manubrium
aka gladiolus, bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
body of the sternum
structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum
xiphoid process
forms the pectoral girdle
shoulders
supports arms and hands aka shoulder girdle
pectoral girdle
refers to a structure that encircles the body
girdle
aka collar bone, a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula
clavicle
aka shoulder blade
scapula
an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
acromion
bone of the upper arm
hummerus
the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm runs up the thumb side of the forarm
think shorter distance in a circle
radius
larger and longer bone of the forarm. proximal end articulates with the distal end of the humerus to form the elbow joint
uLna-L means longer/larger
ulna
commonly known as funny bone, large proximal tip of the ulna, forms the point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles when struck
olecranon
bones that form the wrist. form a narrow bony passage known as carpal tunnel. 8 of them
singular-carpal
carpals
five bones that form the palms of the hands
metacarpals
14 bones of the fingers
singluar-phalanx
phalanges
each of the four fingers has these three bones
distal, middle, and proximal
the ______ has 2 bones, distal and proximal phalanges
thumb
aka vertebral column, protects the spinal cord and supports the head of the body
spinal column
the __________ consists of 26 vertebrae, each of these is known as a vertebra
spinal column
pertaining to the vertebra
vertebrals
anterior portion is solid to provide strength
body of the vertebrae
posterior portion of the vertebrae. transverse and spinous processes extend from this area and serve as attachments for muscles and tendons
lamina
made up of cartilage and pads for tissue, separate and cushion the vertebra from each other and allow movement of the spinal column
intervertebral disks
inner core made up of soft gelatinous material that allows intervertebral disks to act as shock absorbers
nucleus pulposus
first 7 vertebra, they form the neck.
C1-C7
cervical vertebrae
pertaining to the neck
cervical
known as T1-T12, second set of 12 vertebra. each vertebra has a pair of ribs attached to it, forming the outward curve of the spine
thoracic vertebra
pertaining to the thoracic cavity
thoracic
known as L1-L5, third set of vertebra, and form the inward curve of the lower spine. these are the largest and strongest and bear the most of the bodys weight
lumbar vertebrae
relating to the part of the back and sides between the ribs and the pelvis
lumbar
the remaining two vertebra
sacrum and coccyx
slightly curved triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back
sacrum
true or false: at birth, the sacrum is composed of five separate bones but in young children they fuse together to form a single bone
true
aka tailbone, the end of the spine and is actually made up four small vertebra that are entirely or partially fused together
coccyx
aka bony pelvis, protects internal organs and supports lower extremities
pelvis
the _______ and _______ includes the pelvic girdle
sacrum and coccyx
cup-shaped ring of bone at the lower end of the trunk consisting of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
pelvic girdle
broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone
ilium
slightly moveable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium
sacroliliac
combining form: means sacrum
sacr/o
word root: means ilium
ili
lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting
ischium
anterior portion of the pubic bone, located below the urinary bladder
pubis
true or false: at birth the ilium, ischium, and pubis are three separate bones
true
true or false: as a child matures, the ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse and form the left and right pubic bones
true
held securely together by the pubic symphysis
pubic bones
where two bones are closely joined
symphysis
cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones
pubic symphysis
aka hip socket, the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
acetabulum
largest bone in the body aka the thigh bone
femur
pertaining to the femur
femoral
articulates with the acetabulum hip socket
head of the femur
narrow area just below the head of the femur
femoral neck
aka kneecap, the bony anterior portion of the knee
patella
posterior space behind the knee where ligaments, vessels, and muscles are located
popliteal
make possible movements of the knee
anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
a tear in the anterior cruciate ligament is referred to as an ________
ACL injury
tibia and fibula
lower leg bones
aka shin bone, larger anterior weight bearing bone of the lower leg
tibia
smaller of the two leg bones
fibula
joints that connect the lower leg and foot and make movements possible
ankles
each ankle is made up of ________ short tarsal bones
seven
similar bones of the wrists; however, are much larger in size
tarsal bones
a rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on sides of each ankle joint
malleoulus
the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
talus
aka the heelbone is the largest of the tarsal bones
calcaneus
5 of them form part of the foot to which the toes are attached
metatarsals
bones of the toes
phalanges
true or false: the great toe only has two phalanges
true
true or false: the other four toes have three phalanges
true
specializes in manipulative treatment or disorders originating from misalignment of the spine
chiropractor
involves manually adjusting positions of the bones
manipulative treatment
aka orthopedist, is a physician specializing in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles
orthopedic surgeon
uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation
osteopath
combining form: means bone
oste/o
medical practice known as ________ uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation but can also be used to mean any bone disease
osteopathy
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
podiatrist
word root: means foot
pod
suffix: means specialist
-iatrist
a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of the arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis, and characterized by inflammation in joints and connective tissue
rheumatologist
loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure
anklyosis
word root: means crooked, bent or stiff
ankyl
being capable of movement
mobility
aka frozen shoulder. painful ankylosis of the shoulder
adhesive capsulitis
word root: means little box
capsul
adhesive capsulitis cause by ________ forming in synovial capsule surrounding the shoulder, making the joint become thicker and tighter
adhesions
stiffness of the joints
arthrosclerosis
aka popliteal cyst, is a fluid sac behind the knee usually results from a condition such as a rheumatoid arthritis triggering production of excess synovial fluid
bakers cyst
an inflammation of a bursa
bursitis
word root: means bursa
burs
abnormal softening of cartilage
chondromalacia
inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
costochondrititis
combining form: means rib
cost/o
aka bunion, an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
hallux valgus
inherited structural defect, arthritis, or footwear that causes stress on the joint are the most common causes of ________
bunions
blood within a joint
hemarthrosis
__________ is frequently due to a joint injury. Can occur spontaneously in patients taking blood-thinning medications or have a blood clotting disorder
hemarthrosis
an inflammation disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, hips and thighs
polymyalgia rhuematica
prefix: means many
poly-
an obselete term for arthritis and other disorders causing pain in the joints
rheumatism
occurs when a ligament that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or torn
sprain
inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint
synovitis
word root: means synovial membrane
synov
________ caused by arthritis, trauma, infection, or irritation produced by damage cartilage
synovitis
aka luxation, the total displacement of a bone from its joint
dislocation
partial displacement of a bone from its joint
subluxation
inflammatory condition of one or more joints
arthritis
true or false: there are more than 100 types of arthritis and related disorders
true
aka wear-and-tear arthritis, is most commonly associated with aging
osteoarthritis (OA)
OA is also known as ________________ because it is characterized by the wearing away of the articular cartilage within joints
degenerative joint disease
breaking down or impairment of a body part
degenerative
OA is characterized by hypertrophy of bone and formation of __________ aka bone spurs
osteophytes
bony projections can cause pain or restrict movement in a joint
osteophytes
aka spinal osteoarthritis, is a degenerative disorder that can cause loss of normal spinal structure and function
sponylosis
word root: means vertebra
spondyl
aka gouty arthritis, an inflammatory arthritis characterized by deposits of urate crystals in the joints
gout
joints affected by _______ are typically hot, red, and excruciatingly sensitive
gout
true or false: high levels of uric acid in blood caused by medications, alcohol consumption, diet and/or disease can lead to the formation of urinate
true
a form of arthritis most commonly affects the knees or wrists and caused by deposits in the joint
pseudogout
cause of ________ is a build up of calcium pyrophosphate crystals
pseudogout
chronic autoimmune disorder which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
true or false: RA progressively attacks the synovial membranes, become inflamed and thickened so the joints are increasingly swollen, painful, and immobile
true
a type of arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of joints between the vertebrae
ankylosing spondylitis
means the progressive stiffening of a joint of joints
ankylosing
this inflammatory disease can cause vertebrae in the spine to fuse, limiting mobility and restricting lung capacity
ankylosing spondylitis
formerly called juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, is an autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or younger
juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)
symptoms of ___________ include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue
JIA
true or false: many children outgrow JIA
true
an inflammatory form of arthritis developed by about 20% of all people with the autoimmune skin disease psoriasis
psoriatic arthritis
aka slipped or ruptured disk, the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk resulting in a bulge that put pressure on the spinal nerve roots
herniated disk
aka low back pain, the general term for pain in the lumbar region of the spine
lumbago
suffix: means diseased condition
-ago
forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebral or sacrum below it
spondyloisthesis
suffix: means slipping
-listhesis
congenital defect that occurs early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
spina bifida
pertaining to the spine
spina
split
bifida
an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine
kyphosis
word root: means hump
kyph
associated with weakening of the spinal bones due to aging
hunchback
an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
lordosis
word root: means bent backward
lord
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
word root: means curved
scoli
aka osteonecrosis, area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow
avascular necrosis
word root: means blood vessels
vascul
an inflammation of a bone
osteitis
aka adult rickets, abnormal softening of bones in adults
osteomalacia
______ can be caused by a vitamin D deficiency
oseomalacia
an inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone
osteomyelitis
chronic bone disease of unknown cause characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in the pelvis, skull, spine, and legs followed by abnormal bone formation. new bone often structurally enlarged, misshapen and weak
pagets disease
an inflammation of the periosteum associated with shin splints
periostitis
condition caused by compression of a nerve in the spine referred to as a pinched nerve
radiculopathy
combining form: means root or nerve
radicul/o
a deficiency disease occurring in children characterized by defective bone growth from a lack of vitamin D necessary for the body to maintain calcium and phosphorous levels in bones
rickets
narrowing of spaces within the spine, putting pressure on nerves and spinal cord that cause pain
spinal stenosis
formerly known as dwarfism, a condition resulting from failure of bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to size of the head and trunk
short stature
true or false: there are more than 200 different conditions that can cause short stature and the average height of someone with short stature is 4 feet 10 inches
true
aka talipes, a congenital deformity of the foot involiving the talus ankle bone
clubfoot
a relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone
primary bone cancer
means becoming progressively worse and life-threatening
malignant
occurs when cancer cells metastasize spread from other organs such as breasts, prostate, or lungs
secondary bone cancer or bone metastasis
a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making plasma cells found in red bone marrow
multiple myeloma
a benign bony projection covered with cartilage
osteochondroma
something not life-threatening and does not recur
benign
marked loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity, associated with aging
osteoporosis
word root: means small opening
por
thinner-than-average bone density
osteopenia
suffix: means deficiency
-penia
occurs when bone is pressed together on itself
compression fracture
aka a broken wrist, occurs at the lower end of the radius, often when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on their hands
colles fracture
aka broken hip, caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as result of a fall
osteoporotic hip fracture
means pertaining to or caused by the porus condition of bones
osteoporotic
described in terms of its complexity
fracture or broken bone
aka simple fracture or complete fracture is the bone is broken but no open wound in the skin
closed fracture
aka compound fracture, is the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin
open fracture
bone is splintered or crushed
comminute fracture
means crushed into small pieces
comminute
one side of the bone is broken and the other side is only bent
an incomplete fracture
aka torus fracture, affected side of the bone is compressed and buckles but does not break
buckle fracture
occurs at an angle across the bone
oblique fracture
occurs when bone breaks under normal strain due to bones being weakened by osteoporosis or a disease process
pathologic fracture
an overuse injury, a small crack in the bone often develops from chronic excessive impact
stress fracture
occurs straight across, perpendicular to the shaft of the bone
transverse fracture
form when a long bone is fractured due to an accident or surgery, and fat cells form yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
fat embolus
any foreign matter circulating in the blood that can become lodged and block the blood vessel, also called an embolism
embolus
aka crepitus, the grating sound heard when ends of a broken bone move together. refers to any unusual crackling sound or sensation within the body
crepitation
forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break
callus
aka radiography, form of electromagnetic radiation to create xrays. helps visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities of hard-tissue internal structures
x-ray
visual examination of internal structure of a joint using an instrument called an arthroscope
arthroscopy
use of a syringe to withdraw tissue from the red bone marrow
bone marrow aspiration
used to image soft tissue structures
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
used to determine losses or changes in bone density
bone density testing
measures amount of mineral in bones
bone density
a screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause loss of bone mass
ultrasonic bone density testing
a low exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density
dual xray absorptiometry (DXA)
a class of drugs used to slow loss of bone density reducing risk of broken bones
bisphophonates
used in short term to maintain bone density
low dose hormone replacement therapy
stem cell transplant used to treat certain types of cancer
bone marrow transplant
produced by bone marrow eventually develop into blood cells
stem cells
aka allogenic stem cell transplant, uses healthy bone marrow cells from compatible donor unless a perfect match there is danger that receipients body will reject the transplant
allogenic bone marrow transplant
means originating within another
allogenic
aka autologus stem cell transplant, patient receives his or her own bone marrow cells, been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining bone marrow in patients body undergoes treatment
autologus bone marrow transplant
means originating within an individual
autologus
utilizes blood-forming stem cells from bloodstream of patient or donor
peripheral blood stem cell transplant
a mechanical appliance specially designed to support, control, correct or compensate for impaired limb
orthotic
a substitute for a diseased or missing body part
prosthesis
a surgery to replace torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
ACL recontstruction
aka surgical ankylosis, a surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint
arthrodesis
suffix: means to bind or tie together
-desis
a minimally invasive procedure for treatment of interior of joint
arthroscopic surgery
a surgical procedure using transplanted bone, to repair and rebuild bones damaged by injury or disease
bone grafting
means the bone or tissue comes from a donor or cadaver
allograft
means the patients own bone or tissue is used
autograft
surgical removal of synovial membrane from a joint
synovectomy
surgical repair of a damaged joint
arthroplasty
joint replacement part is a prosthesis commonly referred to as an ________
implant
all parts of knee are replaced. procedure aka total knee arthroplasty
total knee replacement (TKR)
which only part of the knee is replaced
partial knee replacement (PKR)
aka total hip arthroscopy performed to restore a damaged hip to full function
total hip replacement (THR)
alternative to removing head of the femur
hip resurfacing arthroplasty
repairs injuries by replacing top of the humerus with a metal ball, and the damaged portion of the socket with a plastic prosthesis
shoulder replacement surgery
replacement of worn or failed implant
revision surgery
surgical or accidental removal of a limb
amputation
post amputation phenomenon which there is a sensation of pain from a body part that is no longer there
phantom limb pain
performed to treat herniated intervertebral disks that does not respond to physical therapy or other treatments
percutaneous diskectomy
means performed through the skin
percutaneous
performed to treat osteoporosis -related compression fractures
percutaneous vertebroplasty
surgical of the lamina of a vertebrae
laminectomy
word root: means lamina
lamin
relieves pressure on the spinal cord by enlarging the spinal canal
decompression surgery
technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together (fusing) two or more vertebra
spinal infusion
means join together
fusion
surgical removal of a portion of the skull
decompressive craniectomy
amount of pressure inside the skull
intracranial pressure
a surgical incision or opening into the skull
craniotomy
surgical cutting and reshaping of a bone
osteotomy
aka manipulation, attempted non surgical realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation
closed reduction
completed when a closed reduction is not practical. required to realign the bone parts
open reduction
aka stabilization, act of holding, suturing, or fastening of the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
immobilization
a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
traction
a fracture treatment procedure which pins are placed through soft tissues and bone so an external appliance can be used to hold pieces of bone in place during healing
external fixation
aka open reduction internal fixation (ORIF), fracture treatment which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold broken pieces in place
internal fixation
combining form: means bone
oss/e, oss/i, oste/o, ost/o
combining form: means cartilage
chondr/o
combining form: means ligaments
ligament/o
combining form: means synovial membrane and fluid
synov/o and synovi/o
combining form: means bursa
burs/o
