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Chapter One Intro To Medical Terminology > Chapter 2: Medical Terminology: The Human Body in Health and Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Medical Terminology: The Human Body in Health and Disease Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

terms used to describe the location of the body planes, directions, and cavities

A

anatomical reference systems

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2
Q

the cells, tissues, and glands that form the body systems that work together to enable the body function properly

A

structures of the body

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3
Q

a group of similarly specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions

A

tissues

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4
Q

a group of specialized cells that is capable of producing secretions

A

glands

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5
Q

organs are somewhat independent parts of the body that perform specific functions. Organs with related functions are organized into body systems

A

body systems and related organs

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6
Q

word part: means gland

A

aden/o

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7
Q

word root: means fat

A

adip/o

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8
Q

word root: means before, front

A

anter/o

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9
Q

word root: means lower part of body, tail

A

caud/o

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10
Q

word root: means head

A

cephal/o

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11
Q

word root: means cell

A

cyt/o

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12
Q

prefix: means in, within, inside

A

end- and endo-

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13
Q

prefix: means out of, outside, away from

A

exo-

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14
Q

word root: means tissue

A

hist/o

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15
Q

word root: means disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

A

path/o

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16
Q

suffix: means disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

A

-pathy

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17
Q

suffix: means development, growth, formation

A

-plasia

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18
Q

word root: means behind, toward the back

A

poster/o

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19
Q

suffix: means control, maintenance of a constant level

A

-stasis and -static

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20
Q

contains the major organs of digestion

A

abdominal cavity

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21
Q

a malignant tumor that originates in the glands and may spread to other parts of the body

A

adenocarcinoma

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22
Q

a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other

A

anaplasia

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23
Q

the study of the structures of the body

A

anatomy

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24
Q

a deviation from what is regarded as normal

A

anomaly

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25
Q

situated in the front

A

anterior

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26
Q

the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue

A

aplasia

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27
Q

a postmortem examination

A

autopsy

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28
Q

the spread of pathogens through infected blood or other body fluids

A

bloodborne transmission

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29
Q

toward the head

A

cephalic

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30
Q

a genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell

A

chromosome

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31
Q

any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaimiated objects

A

communicable disease

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32
Q

the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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33
Q

situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure

A

distal

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34
Q

the back of the organ or body

A

dorsal

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35
Q

the abnormal development or growth of cells, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue

A

dysplasia

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36
Q

the ongoing presence of a disease within population, group, or area

A

endemic

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37
Q

produce hormones, do not have ducts

A

endocrine glands

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38
Q

a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area

A

epidemic

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39
Q

located above the stomach

A

epigastric region

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40
Q

the study of the causes of diseases or abnormal conditions

A

etiology

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41
Q

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

A

exocrine glands

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42
Q

a condition that produced physical symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified

A

functional disorder

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43
Q

a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene

A

gentetic disorder

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44
Q

a physician who specializes in the care of older people

A

geriatrician

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45
Q

a hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting factor is missing

A

hemophilia

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46
Q

the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

A

homeostasis

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47
Q

an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

A

hyperplasia

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48
Q

a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells in the tissues

A

hypertrophy

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49
Q

located below the stomach

A

hypogastric region

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50
Q

an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment

A

iatrogenic illness

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51
Q

any disease without a known cause

A

idiopathic disease

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52
Q

an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

A

infectious disease

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53
Q

relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen

A

inguinal

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54
Q

the direction toward or nearer the midline

A

medial

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55
Q

also known as the midline, the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves

A

midsagittal plane

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56
Q

a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting

A

nosocomial infection

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57
Q

an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, sometimes even worldwide

A

pandemic

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58
Q

the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

A

pelvic cavity

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59
Q

a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

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60
Q

inflammation of the peritoneum

A

peritonitis

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61
Q

the study of the functions of the structures of the body

A

physiology

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62
Q

situated in the back or on the back part of an organ

A

posterior

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63
Q

situated nearest the midline or beginning of abody structure

A

proximal

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64
Q

located behind the peritoneum

A

retroperitoneal

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65
Q

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

A

stem cells

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66
Q

also known as the chest cavity or thorax; surrounds and protects the heart and lungs

A

thoracic cavity

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67
Q

a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

A

transverse plane

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68
Q

commonly known as the belly button or navel, this pit in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbillical cord was attached before birth

A

umbilicus

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69
Q

is the spread of certain disease through blood-sucking vectors

A

vector-borne transmission

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70
Q

refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body

A

ventral

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71
Q

describes the body standing in the standard position

A

anatomical position

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72
Q

imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections

A

body planes

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73
Q

up-and-down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon

A

vertical plane

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74
Q

a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions

A

sagittal

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75
Q

a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. aka the coronal plane

A

frontal plane

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76
Q

a flat, crosswise plane

A

horizontal plane

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77
Q

word root: means belly side of the body

A

ventr

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78
Q

word root: means back of the body

A

dors

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79
Q

word root: means front or before

A

anter

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80
Q

word root: means back or toward the back

A

poster

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81
Q

means uppermost, above, or toward the head

A

superior

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82
Q

means lowermost, below, or toward the feet

A

inferior

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83
Q

word root: means head

A

cephal

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84
Q

means lower part of the body

A

caudal

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85
Q

word root: means tail or lower part of the body

A

caud

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86
Q

means the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline

A

lateral

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87
Q

located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system and is divided into two portions: cranial and spinal cavity

A

dorsal cavity

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88
Q

located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain

A

cranial cavity

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89
Q

located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord

A

spinal cavity

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90
Q

located along the front of the body, contains the organs that sustain homeostasis

A

ventral cavity

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91
Q

word root: means constant

A

home/o

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92
Q

refers to the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavities as a single unit

A

abdominopelvic cavity

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93
Q

word root: means pelvis

A

pelv

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94
Q

the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh

A

groin

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95
Q

a system that divides the abdomen and lower portion of the thorax into nine parts

A

regions of the thorax and abdomen

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96
Q

covered by the lower ribs

A

right and left hypochondriac regions

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97
Q

word root: means cartilage

A

chondr/i

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98
Q

prefix: means above

A

epi-

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99
Q

located near the inward curve of the spine

A

right and left lumbar regions

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100
Q

word root: means lower back

A

lumb

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101
Q

the part of the back between the ribs and the pelvis

A

lumbar

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102
Q

surrounds the umbilicus, commonly known as the belly button or navel

A

umbilical region

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103
Q

located near the hip bones

A

right and left iliac regions

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104
Q

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, and left lower quadrant

A

quadrants of the abdomen

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105
Q

a thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ

A

membrane

106
Q

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

A

parietal peritoneum

107
Q

means cavity wall

A

parietal

108
Q

a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

A

mesentery

109
Q

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

A

visceral peritoneum

110
Q

means relating to the internal organs

A

visceral

111
Q

prefix: means behind

A

retro-

112
Q

word root: means peritoneum

A

periton

113
Q

basic structural and functional units of the body

A

cells

114
Q

the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell

A

cytology

115
Q

a specialist in the study and analysis of cells

A

cytologist

116
Q

the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment

A

cell membrane

117
Q

suffix: means formative material of cells

A

-plasm

118
Q

surrounded by the nuclear membrane

A

nucleus

119
Q

controls the activities of the cell and helps the cell divide

A

functions of the nucleus

120
Q

aka somatic stem cells, cells that are undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ

A

adult stem cells

121
Q

not having a specialized function or structure

A

undifferentiated

122
Q

having a specialized function or structure

A

differentiated

123
Q

undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell, they have the important ability to form any adult cell

A

embryonic stem cells

124
Q

a developing fetus

A

embryo

125
Q

word root: means fertilized ovum

A

embry/o

126
Q

those involved have been given information about what is involved before granting permission

A

informed consent

127
Q

aka regenerative medicine, has many potential uses to heal injuries and treat diseases

A

stem cell therapy

128
Q

blood forming

A

hematopoietic

129
Q

unless there is an excellent match between the donor and recipient, there is a possibility of rejection aka

A

graft versus host disease

130
Q

a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity

A

gene

131
Q

the study of how genes are transferred from parent to their children and the role of genes in health and disease

A

genetics

132
Q

means producing

A

gene

133
Q

a specialist who specializes in the study of genes

A

geneticist

134
Q

when inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition or characteristic

A

dominant gene

135
Q

when inherited from both parents, the offspring will have that condition

A

recessive gene

136
Q

group of inherited red blood cell disorders that are transmitted by a recessive gene

A

sickle cell anemia

137
Q

when inherited from only one parent, and a normal gene is inherited from the other parent, offspring will not have the condition

A

recessive gene

138
Q

the complete set of genetic information of an organism

A

genome

139
Q

any cell in the body except the gametes

A

somatic cell

140
Q

gametes

A

sex cell

141
Q

means pertaining to the body in general

A

somatic

142
Q

egg

A

ovum

143
Q

contains thousands of genes that provide information essential for heredity, determining physical appearance, disease risks, and other traits

A

DNA

144
Q

abbreviation of deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA

145
Q

these do not have a nucleus

A

erythrocytes

146
Q

a shape twisted like a spiral staircase

A

helix

147
Q

consists two strands twisted together

A

double helix

148
Q

a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule

A

genetic mutation

149
Q

a change within the cells of the body. Can affect the individual but cannot be transmitted to the next generation

A

somatic cell mutation

150
Q

a change within the genes in a gamete that can be transmitted by a parent to his or her children

A

gametic cell mutation

151
Q

the manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes

A

genetic engineering

152
Q

a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems

A

cystic fibrosis

153
Q

aka trisomy 21, a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities

A

down syndrome

154
Q

caused by changes in the MR1 gene that usually makes a protein needed for normal brain development. Characterized by developmental delays, learning disabilities, and social and behavior problems

A

fragile x syndrome

155
Q

a genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child. causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife

A

huntingtons disease

156
Q

means worsening condition

A

degeneration

157
Q

a disorder affecting the connective tissue throughout the body, including the heart, eyes, blood vessels and musculoskeletal system. individuals with this condition often have a tall, slender build and disproportionately long arms, legs, and fingers

A

marfan syndrome

158
Q

a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement. think gypsy rose

A

muscular dystrophy

159
Q

a rare genetic disorder which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing

A

phenylketonuria

160
Q

a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene

A

genetic disorder

161
Q

word root: means tissue

A

hist

162
Q

a non-physician specialist who studies the microscopic structure of tissues

A

histology

163
Q

for main types of tisses

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve

164
Q

forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body

A

epithelial tissue

165
Q

is specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous

A

epithelium

166
Q

is the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

A

epithelium

167
Q

support and connects organs and other body tissues

A

connective tissues

168
Q

for kinds of connective tissue

A

dense, adipose, loose, fluid

169
Q

such as bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body

A

dense connective tissue

170
Q

aka fat, provides protective padding, insulation, and support

A

adipose tissue

171
Q

word root: means fat

A

adip

172
Q

holds organs in place and binds tissue together

A

loose connective tissue

173
Q

are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body

A

fluid connective tissues

174
Q

contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax

A

muscle tissue

175
Q

contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses

A

nerve tissue

176
Q

caused by the body not producing enough blood cells

A

aplastic anemia

177
Q

is the underdevelopment of an organ or tissue, usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells

A

hypoplasia

178
Q

protective outer layer of developing teeth is deficient

A

enamel hypoplasia

179
Q

the abnormal development or growth of cells, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue

A

dysplasia

180
Q

refers to abnormal cells being found in the cervix

A

cervical dysplasia

181
Q

suffix: means development

A

-trophy

182
Q

the substance produced by a gland

A

secretion

183
Q

two major types of glands

A

exocrine and endocrine

184
Q

suffix: means to secrete

A

-crine

185
Q

refers to a mass of gland-like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx

A

adenoids

186
Q

the inflammation of a gland

A

adenitis

187
Q

an inflammation of the lymph nodes in the abdomen that has symptoms similar to appendicitis

A

mesenteric adenitis

188
Q

word root: means cancerous

A

carcin

189
Q

suffix: means tumor

A

-oma

190
Q

means harmful, capable of spreading, and potentially life-threatening

A

malignant

191
Q

a benign tumor that starts in the epithelial tissue of a gland or gland-like structure

A

adenoma

192
Q

any disease or condition of a gland

A

adenosis

193
Q

a somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function

A

organ

194
Q

major structures: bones, joints and cartilage
major functions: supports and shapes the body. forms some blood cells and stores minerals

A

skeletal system

195
Q

major structures: muscles, fascia and tendons.
major functions: holds the body erect. makes movement possible. moves body fluids and generates body hat

A

muscular system

196
Q

major structures: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood
major functions: blood circulates throughout the body to transport oxygen and nutrients to cells, and to carry waste products to the kidneys where waste is removed by filtration

A

cardiovascular system

197
Q

major structure: lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes
major functions: removes and transports waste products from the fluid between cells. destroys harmful substances such as pathogens and cancer cells in the lymph nodes. returns the filtered lymph to the bloodstream where it becomes plasma again

A

lymphatic system

198
Q

major structures: tonsils, spleen, thymus, skin, and specialized blood cells
major functions: defends the body against invading pathogens and allergens

A

immune system

199
Q

major structures: nose, pharynx, trachea, larynx, and lungs
major functions: brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells. removes carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body

A

respiratory system

200
Q

major structures: mouth, teeth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, and pancreas
major functions: digests ingested food so it can be absorbed into the bloodstream. eliminates solid waste

A

digestive system

201
Q

major structures: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
major functions: filters blood to waste. maintains the electrolyte and fluid balance within the body

A

urinary system

202
Q

major structure: nerves, brain, and spinal cord
major functions: coordinates the reception of stimuli. transmits messages throughout the body

A

nervous system

203
Q

major structures: eyes and ears
major functions: receive visual and auditory information and transit it to the brain

A

special senses

204
Q

major structures: skin, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
major functions: protects the body against invasion by bacteria. aids in regulating the body temperature and water content

A

integumentary system

205
Q

major structures: adrenal glands, gonads, pancreas, parathyroids, pineal, pituitary, thymus, and thyroid
major functions: integrates all body functions

A

endocrine system

206
Q

major structures: male-penis and testicles; female- ovaries, uterus, and vagina
major function: produces new life

A

reproductive system

207
Q

a physician who specializes in the laboratory analysis of diseased tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis

A

pathologist

208
Q

prefix: means cause

A

eti-

209
Q

a disease-producing microorganism such as a virus

A

pathogen

210
Q

the spread of a disease

A

transmission

211
Q

means that a pathogen is possibly present

A

contamination

212
Q

means capable of being transmitted

A

communiable

213
Q

occurs when there is human-to-human contact in the form of touch or the exchange of bodily fluids

A

direct transmission

214
Q

the spread of infected respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing onto a nearby person

A

droplet transmission

215
Q

occurs in situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface

A

indirect contract transmission

216
Q

occurs through contact with pathogens floating in the air

A

airborne transmission

217
Q

aka fecal-oral transmission, caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present

A

food-borne and waterborne transmission

218
Q

a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group

A

epidemiologist

219
Q

word root: means population

A

demi/i

220
Q

prefix: means entire

A

pan-

221
Q

produces symptoms that are detectable physical changes in the body

A

organic disorder

222
Q

word root: means peculiar to the individual

A

idi/o

223
Q

an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and virsuses

A

infectious disease

224
Q

a common medical condition characterized by risk factors for developing heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes

A

metabolic syndrome

225
Q

an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

A

congenital disorder

226
Q

aka a birth defect, can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe

A

developmental disorder

227
Q

describes the congenital absence of narrowing of a normal body opening or passage

A

atresia

228
Q

a birth that occurs earlier than the 37th week of development

A

premature birth

229
Q

disorders that occur as a result of trauma during labor or delievery

A

birth injuries

230
Q

documents used to provide guidance about types of treatment a person may want to receive in case of an unknown future medical emergency. can also state who is authorized to make healthcare decisions if a person cannot do so themselves

A

advanced directive

231
Q

aka durable power of attorney for health care, is an advanced directive allowing the person to appoint a trusted person to make treatment decisions should be patient be unable to make them

A

health care proxy

232
Q

aka physicians orders for life-sustaining treatment, is a document that allows a person to state their wises for end-of-life medical care, in case they become unable to communicate their decisions

A

living will

233
Q

aka no code or allow natural death, a legal document stating that a person does not wish to receive cardipulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if a patient’s heart or breathing stop

A

do no resuscitate (DNR)

234
Q

include roles outside of medicine, nursing, and pharmacy

A

allied health professions

235
Q

provides ongoing care for patients of all ages

A

general practitioner or family practice physician

236
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disease and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems

A

internist

237
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children

A

pediatrician

238
Q

word root: means child

A

ped

239
Q

suffix: means a field of medicine

A

-iatrics

240
Q

branch of medicine relating to the health of older adults

A

geriatrics

241
Q

word root: means old age

A

ger

242
Q

a nurse with graduate training who often work as a PCP

A

nurse practioner

243
Q

a licensed professional who works under the supervision of a physician

A

physician assistant

244
Q

schedules and registers patients for appointments

A

medical receptionist

245
Q

performs administrative and clinical tasks in a doctors office such as coding patients medical information, measuring a patients vital signs administering injections, and drawing blood

A

medical assistant

246
Q

a medical assistant certified through the american association of medical assistants

A

certified medical assistant

247
Q

reviews patients medical records for insurance purposes, assigning codes for treatment and services based on universal alphanumeric codes for medical diagnoses, equipment and procedures

A

medical coder

248
Q

aka emergency department, focuses on diagnosing and treating life-threatening emergency medical conditions

A

emergency room

249
Q

a doctor who specializes in high-acuity medicine in the ER

A

emergency physician

250
Q

refers to the level of severity of an illness

A

acuity

251
Q

a licensed health care professional who works in a pre hospital setting on an ambulance or in an emergency room

A

emergency medical technician (EMT)

252
Q

a licensed health care professional who works in a variety of health care settings

A

registered nurse

253
Q

aka a licensed practical nurse, works under the supervision of a doctor or RN to provide basic patient care

A

licensed vocational nurse

254
Q

works under the supervision of a RN to provide basic patient care

A

certified nursing assistant (CNA)

255
Q

a licensed medical professional who dispenses prescribed medication to patients

A

pharmacists

256
Q

aka critical care unit, provides continuously monitored care for critically ill patients, cardiac patients, and neurological patients

A

intensive care unit (ICU)

257
Q

a physician specializing in the care of critically ill patients hospitalized in the ICU

A

intensivist

258
Q

a physician focusing on the general medical care of hospitalized patients

A

hospitalist

259
Q

unit provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patients with heart problems not acquiring intensive care

A

telemetery

260
Q

word root: means distant

A

tele

261
Q

suffix: means to measure

A

-metry

262
Q

unit provides nursing care for lower-acuity patients who are recovering from surgery or require continued drug therapy or monitoring

A

med/surg unit

Chapter One Intro To Medical Terminology (13 decks)

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