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Chemistry > Chapter 3 - Matter and Energy > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Matter and Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Physical Properties of Matter

A

do NOT involve change in composition

ex) odor (gas does not change property)

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2
Q

Chemical Properties of Matter

A

involve a change in composition

  • corrosiveness, flamability, acidity, toxicity
    ex) flammability (gas changed composition when it burns)
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3
Q

Physical Change

A

he appearance of matter may change, but its composition does not

  • state change
  • results in a different form of the same substance

ex) water vapor to liquid form

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4
Q

Chemical Change

A

the composition of matter change
-results in a completely new substance

ex) iron can rust (iron to iron oxide)

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5
Q

Conservation of Mass

A
  • matter is always conserved,
  • the sum of mass reactants must equal the sum of masses of the products
    ex) AB=A+B
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6
Q

Energy

A

energy is conserved, it can be neither created not destroyed
-capacity to do work

-units are joule (J), calorie (cal), nutritional calorie (Cal), and kilowatt-hour (kWh)

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7
Q

Exothermic

A

chem rxn that emit energy

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8
Q

Endothermic

A

chem rxn that absorb energy

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9
Q

Temperature

A

-related to random motions of the molecules and atoms

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10
Q

Temperature -

3 Scales of Measurement

A 
1 Fahrenheit (F)
2 Celsius (C)
3 Kelvin (K)
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11
Q

Heat Capacity

A

temp that change the matter undergoes upon absorption of heat is related to the heat capacity of the substance composing the matter

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12
Q

States of Matter

A

1 Liquid
2 Gas
3 Solid (Amporphous or Crystalline)

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13
Q

Classification of Matter

A

Pure matter or Compound

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14
Q

Pure Matter

A

an element (cannot be decomposed into a simpler substance)

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15
Q

Compound

A

a substance composed of 2 or more elements in fixed definite proportions

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16
Q

Mixtures

A

2 or more different substances

-proportion of which may vary from one sample to the next

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17
Q

Homogeneous Mixture

A

having the same composition throughout

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18
Q

Heterogeneous Mixture

A

having a composition that varies from region to region

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19
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more elements joined together

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20
Q

Substance

A

a catch all word for molecule, element, or comb of moles and elements.

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21
Q

Solid Matter

A
  • atoms or moles pack close to each other in fixed positions
  • neighboring atoms/moles may vibrate or oscillate but they do not move around each other
  • has fixed vol, rigid shape
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22
Q

Crystalline Solid

A

atoms/moles are arranged in geometric patterns w long-range, repeating order

ex) salt and diamond

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23
Q

Amorphous Solid

A

atoms/moles DO NOT have long-range order

ex) glass, rubber, plastic

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24
Q

Liquids

A

atoms/moles are close to each other but are free to move around

  • assume the shape of their containers
  • fixed volume
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25
Q

Gas

A

atoms/moles are separated by large distances + free to move relative to one another

  • compressible
  • always assume the shape + vol of their containers
26
Q

Pure substance

A

composed of only one type of atom/molecule

27
Q

Mixture

A

composed of 2 or more substances

28
Q

Element

A

a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substance

29
Q

Compound

A

pure substance composed of 2 or more elements

-more common that pure elements in nature like water, table salt, + sugar

30
Q

Matter (branch)

A

MATTER can be Pure Substance of Mixture

PURE SUBSTANCE can be element or compound

Mixture can be hetero or homogenous

31
Q

State Changes

A

-always physical changes

32
Q

Vaporization

A

-a physical change

33
Q

Distillation

A

separates mixtures thru physical changes

34
Q

Filtration

A

separates mixtures thru physical changes

35
Q

changes in mass

A
  • in nuclear rxn, significant changes in mass can occur

- in chem rxn, changes in mass are so minute, that they can be ignored

36
Q

Work

A

the result of a force acting over a distance

37
Q

6 Laws of Conservation of Energy

A

1 energy is conserved
2 energy is neither created, nor destroyed
3 total amt. of energy is constant
4 energy can be changed from one form to another
5 energy can be transferred from one object to another
6 cannot be created out of nothing, and it does not vanish into nothing

38
Q

2 types of Energy

A

Kinetic and Potential

39
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

associated w motion

40
Q

Potential Energy

A

associated w its position or composition

41
Q

Electrical Energy

A

associated w flow of electrical charge

42
Q

Thermal Energy

A

associated w the random motions of atoms + moles in matter

43
Q

Chemical Energy

A
  • form of potential energy

- associated w the positions of the particles that compose a chem system

44
Q

calorie cal

A

the amt of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1C

-cal is a larger unit than J

45
Q

Cal to cal

A

1 Cal = 1,000 cal

46
Q

cal to J

A

1 cal = 4.184 J

47
Q

KwH to J

A

1 kWh = 3.60x10to6power J

48
Q

Potential Energy of Raised Weight

A

energy wants to move from High PotL Energy (unstable) to Low potL Energy (stable)

ex) a brick lifted of the ground has higher potl energy than a brick on the ground

49
Q

Heat

A

has units of energy

-the transfer or exchange of thermal energy caused by a temp difference

50
Q

Temperature

A

is a measure of thermal energy of matter (not the exchange of thermal energy)

51
Q

Fahrenheit

A 
0F - freezing pt. of saltH20
96F - norm body temp
32F - H20 freeze
212F - H20 boils
~72F - norm room temp
52
Q

Celsius

A

0C - H20 freeze
100C - H20 boils
~22C - room temp

53
Q

Kelvin

A

(avoids neg temp)
273K - H20 freeze
373K - H20 boils
~295K - room temp

54
Q

Absolute Zero

A

0K, 273C, 499F

55
Q

Water Freeze

A

273K, 0C, 32F

56
Q

Water Boil

A

373K, 100C, 212F

57
Q

C to K

A

K = C + 273.15

58
Q

C to F

A

F = 1.8C + 32

59
Q

Heat equation

A

q=(m)x(C)x(change in temp)

60
Q

q=m x C x change in T

A

q heat in J
m is mass in grams
C is specific heat cap in Celsius
T temp change in Celsius

Chemistry (24 decks)

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