Chapter 18 Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Organic Molecules
molecules containing carbon combined w several other elements
Organic Chemistry
the study of carbon-containing compounds and their reaction
Carbon Bonding + Geometry
always forms 4 bonds
4 bonds =tetrahedral
2 double +2 single bonds =trigonal planar
triple bond +single bond = linear
Hydrocarbons
compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogens
-all undergo combustion rxn
fuel + O2 > CO2 + H2O + energy
4 Types of Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
CnH2n+2
contains only single bonds bc they are saturated (loaded to capacity)
-bonded on straight chain
Alkenes
CnH2n
contains atleast one double bond b/w carbon atoms
Alkynes
CnH2n-2
contains atleast one triple bonds b/w carbon atoms
Saturated Hydrocarbons
alkanes
CnH2n+2
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
alkenes
alkynes
aromatic hydrocarbons
Condense Structural Formula for Alkanes
shorthand way to write a structural formula
ex) C2H6 structural: ....H..H. .....|....| H-C-C-H .....|....| ....H..H. shorthand structural: CH3CH3
n-Alkanes
normal alkanes
composed of straight chain, no branching
-as # of carbons increase, so does their boiling point
Isomers
same formula, different structure
ex) butane is a chain, isobutain is branched
Prefixes for Alkanes
-based on the number of carbons on the longest continuous carbon chain
1 - meth 2 - eth 3 - prop 4 - but 5 - pent 6 - hex 7 - hept 8 - oct 9 - non 10 - dec
Names for Alkanes
long chain prefix + -ane
branches prefix + -yl
Condensed Structural Formula for Alkenes
ex ....H....H. .....|......| ....C==C .....|......| ....H....H.
condensed structural form:
CH2=CH2
ALKYL GROUPS
groups of carbon atoms branching off the base chain
Name for Alkene
[# carbon w double bond] - [prefix of # of C on long chain] + [-ene]
ex) CH
Name for Alkynes
[# carbon w double bond] - [prefix of # of C on long chain] + [-yne]
Alkene + Alkyne Addition Rxn
one bond from a double/triple bond is removed and 1 or more atoms are added.
ex) C=C + CL2 -> CL-C-C-CL
Alkane Substitution Rxn
single bonds only
1 or more H is replaced with 1 or more atoms
Aromatic
has a ring of carbons with alternating double and single bonds
Combustion
burning of hydrocarbon in the presence of oxygen
highly exothermic for heat/energy
-hydrocarbon + O2 = CO2
Hydrogenation Rxn
alkenes and alkynes(unsaturated) can add more hydrogens
-turns saturated
Benzene
C6H6
-C-C bonds are an intermediate between single and double bonds (all bonds are the same length)
Monosubstituted Benzenes
a benzene in which only 1 H has been substituted with an alkyl group or another atom
[name of substituent]+[benzene]
Disubstituted Benzenes
2 H are substituted with another alkyl group or atom
NAMING: numbered and the substituents are named alphabetically
Functional Groups
families of org. compounds contain characteristic of an atom/group of atoms has been inserted into the hydrocarbon
- represents the hydrocarbon
- G represents the functional group
ex) alcohol family contains R-OH
like CH3-CH-OH or CH3-OH
Families (7)
1 alcohol 2 ethers 3 aldehydes 4 ketones 5 carboxylic acids 6 esters 7 amines
Alcohol
ROH
R-OH
Ethers
ROR
R-O-R
Aldehydes
RCHO
….O
…..||
R-C-H
Ketones
RCOR
….O
…..||
R-C-R
Carboxylic Acid
RCOOH
….O
…..||
R-C-OH
Esters
RCOOR
….O
…..||
R-C-OR
Amines
R3N
….R
…..|
R-N-R
How does an alkyl group differ from its parent alkane?
An alkyl group contains one less hydrogen atom than its parent alkane.
