Chapter 19 Biochemistry Flashcards
biochemistry
study of chemical substances and processes that occur in plants animals and microorganisms
cell
smallest structural unit of living organisms that has properties associated w life
-can be an independent living organism or a building block of a more complex organism
nucleus
control center of the cell
-contains genetic material
4 main chem components of a cell
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
cytoplasm
everything in between the nucleus and cell membrane
-contains a number of structures that carry out the cell’s work
Carbohydrates
- primary molecules responsible for short-term energy storage in living organisms
- main structural components of plants
- soluble in water (bc of -OH attachments)
- often (CH2O)n
-aldehydes or ketones
Monosaccharides
a carb that CANNOT be broken down into simpler carbs
- rearrange in aq soln to form ring structures
- simple carbs
- name is usually a prefix(# of C)(-ose)
Glucose
a hexose (6-carbon sugar)
Disaccharides
- a carb that can be decomposed into 2 simpler carbs
- simple carbs
ex) glucose+fructose=SUCROSE
Glycosidic linkage
connects 2 monosaccharides by eliminating water to form a carbon-oxygen-carbon bond called GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE
-link can be broken during digestion
Polysaccharides
- long chain-like molecules composed of many monosaccharide units
- complex carbs
3 types of Polysaccharides
starch, cellulose, glycogen
starch
type of polysaccharide w ALPHA GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE (Oxygen links point down)
cellulose
type of polysaccharide w BETA GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE
-stiffer, more rigid bonds (aka FIBER)
glycogen
type of polysaccharide that is similar to starch but highly branched
-in animals, glucose is stored in the blood as GLYCOGEN until it is needed
Lipids
- nonsoluble in water
- soluble in NONPOLAR SOLVENTS
- structural component of CELL MEMBRANES
types of lipids
1 fatty acids 2 fats 3 oils 4 phospholipids 5 glycolipids 6 steroids
simple sugars/carbs
monosaccharides
disaccharides
complex carb
polysaccharide
alpha linkage
- oxygen atoms joining neighboring glucose units pointing down
- in starch
beta linkage
- oxygen atoms are roughly parallel w the planes of the rings but pointing slightly up
- in cellulose
Fatty Acids
- type of lipid
- type of carboxylic acid (RCOOH) with long hydrocarbon tails (3-19 carbons)
- nonpolar
Triglycerides
- type of lipid
- triesters composed of glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids
- fats and oils are triglycerides
- linked w esters linkage
Ester Linkage
- bond that joins glycerol to the 3 fatty acids to form triglycerides
- releases 3 H2O
Saturated Fat
- saturated fatty acids in a triglyceride
- tends to be solid at room temp
ex) lard, animal fats
Unsaturated Fat
- unsaturated fatty acids in a triglyceride
- oils
- liquid at room temp
Phospholipids
- glycerol with 2 fatty acids (nonpolar) + 1 phosphate (PO4) (polar)
- usually represented with a polar head + 2 nonpolar tails
Glycolipids
- glycerol with 2 fatty acid chains + 1 sugar moleculr (like glucose)
- usually represented with a polar head + 2 nonpolar tails
Steroids
lipids that contain 4-ring structures
ex) cholesterol, testosterone, + estrogen
Proteins characteristics
- most chem rxn that occur in living organisms are catalyzed/enabled by proteins
- structural component of muscle, skin, cartilage,
- transports oxygen in the blood, act as antibodies, and functions as hormones to regulate metabolic processes
Enzymes
proteins that act as a catalyst
Proteins
- polymers of amino acids
- linked w Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids
molecules containing an amine group (R3N), carboxylic group (RCOOH), and an R group (side chain)
Peptide Bond
links amino acids together to form proteins
-linked by amine end of one amino acid bonding with the carboxylic end of another amino acid
Insulin
protein that recognizes muscle cells bc their surface contains receptors
4 levels of protein structure analysis
- primary structure
- secondary structure
- tertiary
- quarternary
primary structure
-amino acid sequence of a protein
secondary structure
-small scale repeating patterns such as the helix or pleated sheet
bonds for proteins/amino acids
peptide bonds
lipids bonds
ester linkage
carb bonds
glycosidic linkage
nucleotide bonds
phosphate bonds
Nucleic Acid
contains a chem code that specifies the correct amino acid sequences for proteins
2 types of Nucleic Acids
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid (found in nucleus of cell, contains -H)
RNA ribonucleic acid (found in entire interior of cell, contains -OH)
Nucleotides
individual units composing nucleic acid
-composed of phosphate, sugar, and a base
DNA base pairs
adenine+thymine
cytosine+guanine
RNA base pairs
adenine+uracil
cytosine+guanine
codon
-sequence of 3 bases that codes for an amino acid/protein
Gene
sequence of codons w DNA molecule that codes for a single protein
-contained in a structure called chromosomes
Chromosomes
- macromolecule of DNA
- found w/in the nucleus of cells
- 46 structures in humans that contained genetic makeup
general sequence from DNA to proteins
DNA > RNA > protein
