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Chemistry > Chapter 19 Biochemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

biochemistry

A

study of chemical substances and processes that occur in plants animals and microorganisms

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2
Q

cell

A

smallest structural unit of living organisms that has properties associated w life

-can be an independent living organism or a building block of a more complex organism

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3
Q

nucleus

A

control center of the cell

-contains genetic material

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4
Q

4 main chem components of a cell

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

everything in between the nucleus and cell membrane

-contains a number of structures that carry out the cell’s work

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6
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • primary molecules responsible for short-term energy storage in living organisms
  • main structural components of plants
  • soluble in water (bc of -OH attachments)
  • often (CH2O)n

-aldehydes or ketones

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7
Q

Monosaccharides

A

a carb that CANNOT be broken down into simpler carbs

  • rearrange in aq soln to form ring structures
  • simple carbs
  • name is usually a prefix(# of C)(-ose)
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8
Q

Glucose

A

a hexose (6-carbon sugar)

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9
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • a carb that can be decomposed into 2 simpler carbs
  • simple carbs

ex) glucose+fructose=SUCROSE

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10
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

connects 2 monosaccharides by eliminating water to form a carbon-oxygen-carbon bond called GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE
-link can be broken during digestion

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11
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • long chain-like molecules composed of many monosaccharide units
  • complex carbs
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12
Q

3 types of Polysaccharides

A

starch, cellulose, glycogen

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13
Q

starch

A

type of polysaccharide w ALPHA GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE (Oxygen links point down)

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14
Q

cellulose

A

type of polysaccharide w BETA GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE

-stiffer, more rigid bonds (aka FIBER)

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15
Q

glycogen

A

type of polysaccharide that is similar to starch but highly branched

-in animals, glucose is stored in the blood as GLYCOGEN until it is needed

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16
Q

Lipids

A
  • nonsoluble in water
  • soluble in NONPOLAR SOLVENTS
  • structural component of CELL MEMBRANES
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17
Q

types of lipids

A 
1 fatty acids
2 fats
3 oils
4 phospholipids
5 glycolipids
6 steroids
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18
Q

simple sugars/carbs

A

monosaccharides

disaccharides

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19
Q

complex carb

A

polysaccharide

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20
Q

alpha linkage

A
  • oxygen atoms joining neighboring glucose units pointing down
  • in starch
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21
Q

beta linkage

A
  • oxygen atoms are roughly parallel w the planes of the rings but pointing slightly up
  • in cellulose
22
Q

Fatty Acids

A
  • type of lipid
  • type of carboxylic acid (RCOOH) with long hydrocarbon tails (3-19 carbons)
  • nonpolar
23
Q

Triglycerides

A
  • type of lipid
  • triesters composed of glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids
  • fats and oils are triglycerides
  • linked w esters linkage
24
Q

Ester Linkage

A
  • bond that joins glycerol to the 3 fatty acids to form triglycerides
  • releases 3 H2O
25
Q

Saturated Fat

A
  • saturated fatty acids in a triglyceride
  • tends to be solid at room temp

ex) lard, animal fats

26
Q

Unsaturated Fat

A
  • unsaturated fatty acids in a triglyceride
  • oils
  • liquid at room temp
27
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • glycerol with 2 fatty acids (nonpolar) + 1 phosphate (PO4) (polar)
  • usually represented with a polar head + 2 nonpolar tails
28
Q

Glycolipids

A
  • glycerol with 2 fatty acid chains + 1 sugar moleculr (like glucose)
  • usually represented with a polar head + 2 nonpolar tails
29
Q

Steroids

A

lipids that contain 4-ring structures

ex) cholesterol, testosterone, + estrogen

30
Q

Proteins characteristics

A
  • most chem rxn that occur in living organisms are catalyzed/enabled by proteins
  • structural component of muscle, skin, cartilage,
  • transports oxygen in the blood, act as antibodies, and functions as hormones to regulate metabolic processes
31
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that act as a catalyst

32
Q

Proteins

A
  • polymers of amino acids

- linked w Peptide Bonds

33
Q

Amino Acids

A

molecules containing an amine group (R3N), carboxylic group (RCOOH), and an R group (side chain)

34
Q

Peptide Bond

A

links amino acids together to form proteins

-linked by amine end of one amino acid bonding with the carboxylic end of another amino acid

35
Q

Insulin

A

protein that recognizes muscle cells bc their surface contains receptors

36
Q

4 levels of protein structure analysis

A
  • primary structure
  • secondary structure
  • tertiary
  • quarternary
37
Q

primary structure

A

-amino acid sequence of a protein

38
Q

secondary structure

A

-small scale repeating patterns such as the helix or pleated sheet

39
Q

bonds for proteins/amino acids

A

peptide bonds

40
Q

lipids bonds

A

ester linkage

41
Q

carb bonds

A

glycosidic linkage

42
Q

nucleotide bonds

A

phosphate bonds

43
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

contains a chem code that specifies the correct amino acid sequences for proteins

44
Q

2 types of Nucleic Acids

A

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid (found in nucleus of cell, contains -H)
RNA ribonucleic acid (found in entire interior of cell, contains -OH)

45
Q

Nucleotides

A

individual units composing nucleic acid

-composed of phosphate, sugar, and a base

46
Q

DNA base pairs

A

adenine+thymine

cytosine+guanine

47
Q

RNA base pairs

A

adenine+uracil

cytosine+guanine

48
Q

codon

A

-sequence of 3 bases that codes for an amino acid/protein

49
Q

Gene

A

sequence of codons w DNA molecule that codes for a single protein
-contained in a structure called chromosomes

50
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • macromolecule of DNA
  • found w/in the nucleus of cells
  • 46 structures in humans that contained genetic makeup
51
Q

general sequence from DNA to proteins

A

DNA > RNA > protein

Chemistry (24 decks)

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