Chapter 3 - End

Question 1

Pineal gland

Answer 1

-regulates daily rhythms (sleep cycle)
-Descartes “seat of the soul”

Question 2

Corpus Callosum

Answer 2

dense band of fivers connecting hemispheres

Question 3

Anterior commisure

Answer 3

secondary, smaller band of connecting fibers

Question 4

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Answer 4

-carry material from blood vessels to CNS
-transport waste materials out of CNS

Question 5

Thalamus

Answer 5

-sensory processing, arousal (consciousness)
-every sense but smell

Question 6

Hypothalamus

Answer 6

-emotions and motivation
-ex: hunger and stress hormones

Question 7

What makes up the midbrain?

Answer 7

superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, reticular formation, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area

Question 8

Superior colluculi

Answer 8

helps guide eye movement and gaze fixation

Question 9

Inferior colliculi

Answer 9

helps locate the directions of sound

Question 10

Reticular formation

Answer 10

-attention, reflexes and muscle tone
-extends both mid and hindbrain

Question 11

Substantia nigra

Answer 11

-protects the basal ganglia to integrate movements
-makes dopamine

Question 12

Ventral tegmental ares

Answer 12

-plays a role in the rewarding effects of food, sex, and pleasure

Question 13

What makes up the hindbrain?

Answer 13

pons, medulla, cerebellum

Question 14

Medulla

Answer 14

controls essential life processes such as cardiovascular activity and breathing

Question 15

Pons

Answer 15

regulates sleep and arousal

Question 16

Cerebellum

Answer 16

refines motor movements, controls speed, intensity and direction

Question 17

Spinal cord

Answer 17

cable of neurons that carries sensory info to the brain and motor commands to the muscles and organs

Question 18

Meninges is comprised of…

Answer 18

-dura (tough outside)
-arachnoid
-pia (on bran surface)

Question 19

Meninges lie between….

Answer 19

the skull and cortex

Question 20

PNS contains

Answer 20

• cranial nerves on the underside of the brain
• spinal nerves that connect to the sides of the spinal core at each vertebra

Question 21

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 21

motor and sensory neurons that allow us to sense and react to the environment

Question 22

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 22

controls smooth muscle, glands, heart and other organs

Question 23

What does Sympathetic Nervous system do?

Answer 23

activates the body in ways that help it cope with demands such as emotional stress and physical emergencies

Question 24

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

Answer 24

slows activity of organs, increases digestion

Question 25

How many neurons do we have during fetal development?

Answer 25

100 billion

Question 26

Stages of Development of the CNS

Answer 26

1. Proliferation
   2.Migration
2. Circuit Formation
3. Neural Circuit Pruning

Question 27

Stage 1: Proliferation

Answer 27

-the cells that will become neurons divide and multiply
- occurs in the ventricular zone

Question 28

Stage 2: Migration

Answer 28

• the newly formed cells move from the ventricular zone outward to their final location
• done with aid of special glia cells

Question 29

Stage 3: Circuit Formation

Answer 29

-the axons of developing neurons grow toward their target cells and form functional connections

Question 30

Stage 4: Neural Circuit Pruning

Answer 30

-active synapses strengthened if presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron fire together
- inactive synapses are removed

Question 31

Regeneration

Answer 31

-the regrowth of severed axons
-only occurs in PNS

Question 32

Neurogenesis

Answer 32

the birth of new neurons

Question 33

Compensation

Answer 33

uninjured tissue takes over function of lost areas

Question 34

Reorganization

Answer 34

functions are taken over by other, more distant area or shift in connections that changes the areas function