Chapter 3 - End Flashcards
Pineal gland
-regulates daily rhythms (sleep cycle)
-Descartes “seat of the soul”
Corpus Callosum
dense band of fivers connecting hemispheres
Anterior commisure
secondary, smaller band of connecting fibers
Cerebrospinal Fluid
-carry material from blood vessels to CNS
-transport waste materials out of CNS
Thalamus
-sensory processing, arousal (consciousness)
-every sense but smell
Hypothalamus
-emotions and motivation
-ex: hunger and stress hormones
What makes up the midbrain?
superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, reticular formation, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area
Superior colluculi
helps guide eye movement and gaze fixation
Inferior colliculi
helps locate the directions of sound
Reticular formation
-attention, reflexes and muscle tone
-extends both mid and hindbrain
Substantia nigra
-protects the basal ganglia to integrate movements
-makes dopamine
Ventral tegmental ares
-plays a role in the rewarding effects of food, sex, and pleasure
What makes up the hindbrain?
pons, medulla, cerebellum
Medulla
controls essential life processes such as cardiovascular activity and breathing
Pons
regulates sleep and arousal
Cerebellum
refines motor movements, controls speed, intensity and direction
Spinal cord
cable of neurons that carries sensory info to the brain and motor commands to the muscles and organs
Meninges is comprised of…
-dura (tough outside)
-arachnoid
-pia (on bran surface)
Meninges lie between….
the skull and cortex
PNS contains
- cranial nerves on the underside of the brain
- spinal nerves that connect to the sides of the spinal core at each vertebra
Somatic Nervous System
motor and sensory neurons that allow us to sense and react to the environment
Autonomic Nervous System
controls smooth muscle, glands, heart and other organs
What does Sympathetic Nervous system do?
activates the body in ways that help it cope with demands such as emotional stress and physical emergencies
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
slows activity of organs, increases digestion
How many neurons do we have during fetal development?
100 billion
Stages of Development of the CNS
- Proliferation
2.Migration - Circuit Formation
- Neural Circuit Pruning
Stage 1: Proliferation
-the cells that will become neurons divide and multiply
- occurs in the ventricular zone
Stage 2: Migration
- the newly formed cells move from the ventricular zone outward to their final location
- done with aid of special glia cells
Stage 3: Circuit Formation
-the axons of developing neurons grow toward their target cells and form functional connections
Stage 4: Neural Circuit Pruning
-active synapses strengthened if presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron fire together
- inactive synapses are removed
Regeneration
-the regrowth of severed axons
-only occurs in PNS
Neurogenesis
the birth of new neurons
Compensation
uninjured tissue takes over function of lost areas
Reorganization
functions are taken over by other, more distant area or shift in connections that changes the areas function
