Chapter 12

Question 1

Working Memory (Short-term Memory)

Answer 1

• holds a small amount of information for a short period of time
• 3-5 chunks
• predictive of intellectual ability

Question 2

Types of Long Term Memory

Answer 2

declarative and non-declarative

Question 3

Declarative Memory

Answer 3

• memory of facts and events
• memories that can be consciously recalled
• 2 types ( episodic and semantic)

Question 4

Episodic Memory

Answer 4

memory of events

Question 5

Semantic Memory

Answer 5

memory of facts

Question 6

Non-declarative (procedural) Memory

Answer 6

• memory of skills and how to do things
• memories are acquired through repetition

Question 7

“H.M” - Henry Molaison

Answer 7

-suffered from seizures ; had hippocampi taken out ; effected memory
- suffered from anterograde and retrograde amnesia
- no declarative memory but non-declarative remained

Question 8

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 8

inability to form new memories

Question 9

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 9

inability to recall old memories

Question 10

Hippocampus

Answer 10

• located in the medial temporal lobes (MTL)
• Multiple areas

Question 11

Areas CA1

Answer 11

• responsible for primary output from HC to other parts of brain
• damage results in moderate anterograde and minimal retrograde amnesia

Question 12

Rest of HC proper damaged…

Answer 12

results in severe anterograde amnesia

Question 13

If whole HC formation is damaged …

Answer 13

retrograde is severe

Question 14

HC Formation

Answer 14

hippocampus proper,
- new memories
denate gyrus, subiculum, entorhinal cortex
- old memories

Question 15

Consolidation

Answer 15

-brain forms permanent physical representation of memory
- occurs during long-term potentiation
-occurs a few hours after learning and during sleep
- hippocampus participates in consolidation
- requires glutamate

Question 16

Retrieval

Answer 16

-accessing stored memories
- requires glutamate
- prefrontal area - direct search for retrieval

Question 17

Place Cells

Answer 17

• increase firing when individual is in a specific location in an environment
• form a spatial map

Question 18

Hebb Rule

Answer 18

• “Cells that fire together wire together”
• if an axon of a presynaptic neuron is active while the postsynaptic neuron is firing, the synapse will be strengthened

Question 19

Long- Term Potentiation

Answer 19

• synapse becomes stronger over time
• forming and recalling memories

Question 20

Long-Term Depression

Answer 20

• decrease in the strength of the synapse
• forgetting, deleting, making space for new info

Question 21

Associative LTP

Answer 21

if a weak synapse and a strong synapse on the same postsynaptic neuron are active simultaneously, the weak synapse will be potentiated

Question 22

Process of LTP

Answer 22

• glutamate is released ; attaches to the receptor : sodium (Na+) depolarizes
• small amount -> triggers AMPA receptors (short-acting)
• large amount -> triggers NMDA receptors (long-lasting)

Question 23

Structural Changes in LTP

Answer 23

• increased number, enlargement, and growth of dendritic spines
• transport of additional AMPA receptors into the spines

Question 24

Reconsolidation

Answer 24

• during memory retrieval
• opportunity to refine , correct errors
• opportunity to create false memories