Chapter 1

Question 1

Neuroscience

Answer 1

the study of the nervous system

Question 2

Behavioral Neuroscience

Answer 2

the study of relationships between behavior and the body (particularly the brain)

Question 3

Behavior

Answer 3

includes not only overt acts but also internal events such as learning, thinking, and emotion

Question 4

The Mind-Brain Problem

Answer 4

deals with what the mind is and what its relationship to the brain is

Question 5

Monoism

Answer 5

-believe the mind and body are a single substance
-Aristotle

Question 6

Material Monoism

Answer 6

body, mind, and everything else are all physical

Question 7

Idealistic Monoism

Answer 7

Everything is nonphysical

Question 8

Dualism

Answer 8

-Mind and brain are separate
-Brain= material
-Mind = nonmaterial
- Plato

Question 9

Model

Answer 9

a proposed mechanism for how something works

Question 10

Empiricism

Answer 10

knowledge gained though careful and objective observation

Question 11

Localization

Answer 11

specific areas of the brain carry put specific functions

Question 12

Equipotentiality

Answer 12

brain functions as undifferentiated module (works as a whole)

Question 13

Lashley’ Mice

Answer 13

-discovered that memory loss is baed on total brain damage
- the brain works as a whole

Question 14

Does localization or equipotentiality explain how the brain functions?

Answer 14

Both, functions are distributed and localized. Behavior results from the interaction of many widespread areas of the brain

Question 15

Genes

Answer 15

the fundamental unit of inheritance

Question 16

Genes…

Answer 16

-transmit inherited characteristics
-found on chromosomes

Question 17

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Answer 17

-double stranded chain of chemical molecules
-contains directions for making proteins

Question 18

DNA Nucleotides

Answer 18

A-T; G-C - genetic alphabet

Question 19

Alleles

Answer 19

different versions of a gene

Question 20

Geneotype

Answer 20

what gene a person has

Question 21

Phenotype

Answer 21

observable characteristics

Question 22

Homozygous

Answer 22

alleles that are identical

Question 23

Heterozygous

Answer 23

alleles that are different

Question 24

X-linked trait

Answer 24

a characteristic produced by an unpaired gene on the x-chromosome
- ex: colorblindness

Question 25

Nuture

Answer 25

environmental influences on behavior through parenting, nutrition, learning, etc

Question 26

Nature

Answer 26

hereditary influences on behavior

Question 27

Principle of Natural Selection

Answer 27

individuals whose genes provide them with a greater ability to adapt to the environment are more likely to survive and pass on these beneficial genes to more offspring

Question 28

Heritability

Answer 28

percentage of variation in a characteristic that is attributed to genetics

Question 29

Vulnerability Model

Answer 29

more genes for a disorder reduces the threshold required to produce it

Question 30

How is heritability is calculated?

Answer 30

use concordance rates

Question 31

Which mind-brain view is most likely to be held by a neuroscientist?

Answer 31

Materialistic monoism

Question 32

What was the major draw back of Descartes’ view of the mind-brain problem?

Answer 32

It was not tested by empirical methods

Question 33

Why was Descartes’ hydraulic model of brain function an important step in modern understanding of the brain?

Answer 33

this model was a first attempt at providing a physical explanation for behavior

Question 34

How have cases of people with brain damage contributed to our understanding of the relationship between brain and behavior?

Answer 34

These cases have shown that specific brain areas control some specific behaviors

Question 35

Which theory was consistent with the idea of localization?

Answer 35

Phrenology

Question 36

What does the “double helix” refer to?

Answer 36

the twisted ladder-like structure of DNA

Question 37

What statement below is true of the vulnerability model?

Answer 37

the model shows how nature and nurture interact to produce a characteristic or disorder

Question 38

Which of the following techniques is used by scientists to determine relative influence of genetics and experience on behavioral traits?

Answer 38

Concordance rates in twin pairs

Question 39

Which of the following would be a question that a behavioral neuroscientist would investigate?

Answer 39

Which neurotransmitter systems are responsible for the development of drug addiction?

Question 40

What was the inspiration for Descartes’ model of brain function?

Answer 40

statues in the gardens at St Germain

Question 41

Who first observed that muscles would respond to electric stimulation?

Answer 41

Luigi Galvani and his frog legs

Question 42

Who first measured the speed of conduction in the nervous system?

Answer 42

Herman von Helmholtz
-~90 ft/sec

Question 43

Fritsch and Hitzig

Answer 43

showed that movement could be produced in an animal by providing electrical current to the brain
-used dogs

Question 44

Phineas Gages’s changes in behavior following brain damage showed that the _____ is involved in planning behavior to fit with social expectations, such as controlling impulsivity or temper.

Answer 44

Frontal lobe

Question 45

Which of the following is true of sex hormones?

Answer 45

if you have a Y chromosome, it was provided by the make gamete (sperm)

Question 46

The degree of genetic similarity between identical twins is

Answer 46

100%