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Bio Psych > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Belief about vision - Ancient Greece

A

light beams from our eyes illuminated objectively

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2
Q

Belief about our vision - 16th Century Switzerland

A

Felix Platter proposed that the eye receives light

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3
Q

How we see

A

light from external source enters the eye, is refracted, and an image is sent to the back of the eye

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4
Q

Visible Light

A

-the adequate stimulus for vision
-part of the electromagnetic spectrum

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5
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

-includes a variety of energy forms
-the visible part accounts for 1/70 of the range

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6
Q

Light is described by its …

A

wavelength

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7
Q

Wavelength

A

the distance the oscillating energy travels before it reverses direction

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8
Q

Visible Light Range

A

38nm to 750nm

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9
Q

Sclera

A

opaque outer covering of the eye

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10
Q

Cornea

A

refracts light that enters the eye

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11
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

-sits behind cornea
-removes waster and supplies nutrients to the cornea and lens

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12
Q

Iris

A

-color of the eye
-circular muscle

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13
Q

Pupil

A

a hole in the iris

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14
Q

Lens

A

-receives light that passes through the pupil
-transparent
-controlled by ciliary muscles to achieve accommodation

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15
Q

Accommodation

A

-ciliary muscles stretch the lens flatter to focus the image of a distant object
-relax to focus the image of a near object

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16
Q

Refraction through the lens…

A

-causes image to be inverted when it hits the retina
-discovered by Rene Descartes

17
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

-80% of eyes internal volume
-“jelly-like”
-behind lens

18
Q

Retina

A

-detects light and tells the brain about aspects of light related to objects in the world
-where seeing begins

19
Q

Two types of photoreceptors

A

-rods and cones
-turn light into neural signal

20
Q

Photopigments

A

break down in the presence of light

21
Q

Duplex retina

A

bc we have two types of receptors

22
Q

Bipolar Cells

A

connect photoreceptors and ganglion cells

23
Q

Ganglion Cells

A

form optic nerve

24
Q

How the retina works

A

-At rest : photoreceptors are most active in darkness, Na+ and Ca+ channels open, glutamate is released, inhibiting bipolar cells (partially depolarized)

-When light strikes the photopigment : Na+ and Ca+ channels close, reducing glutamate release
- Bipolar cells then increase their firing rate, which increases firing in the ganglion cells, signal travels from optic nerve into the brain

25
Q

Rods

A

-contain rhodopsin
-function well in dim light and poorly in bright light (scotopic vision)
-rods distinguish only different levels of light
-located in periphery of the retina

26
Q

Fovea

A

-central point of focus
-no rods here
-contains most cones

27
Q

Cones

A

-contain iodopsin
-function well in bright light; poorly in dim light (photopic vision)
-allow for color vision
-located mostly in fovea

28
Q

3 Varieties of Iodopsin

A
  • S-cones: blue hues (420nm)
  • M-cones: green hues (534nm)
  • L-cones: red hues (564nm)
29
Q

Receptive fields

A

-circular regions on the retina in which certain light stimuli hitting a collection of cones or rods can influence a ganglion cells firing rate
- influence can be excitatory
- helps make a map of visual space

30
Q

Visual Acuity

A

-the ability to distinguish details
-greatest in the fovea

31
Q

Pathway of Visual Info to the Brain

A
  1. info about each visual field enters the eye and is registered on the receptive field in the retina
  2. this info from the receptive fields is taken by ganglion cell axons into the brain
  3. optic nerves join for a short distance at the optic chiasm and then separate again ; neurons from the outside half of the brain do not cross over, but go to the same side of the brain
  4. Once separated, the neurons of the optic nerve travel to their first synapse in the lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN) of the thalamus
  5. info is routed from the LGN to each visual cortex

Bio Psych (12 decks)

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