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Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

contains the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Neurons

A

specialized cell that …
-convey sensory into to the brain
-carry out operations involved in thought, feeling, and action
-transmits commands out into the body

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

extensions that branch out from the cell body

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4
Q

Soma (cell body)

A

contains nucleus and organelles

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5
Q

Axon hillock

A

a site for action potential initiation

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6
Q

Axon

A

carries info to other neurons and to organs

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7
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

-made up of fatty substances (oligodendrocytes)
-allows electric impulses to transmit quickly along the axon

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8
Q

Axon Terminals (End Bulbs)

A

release neurotransmitters to communicate with neurons, muscles, and organs

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9
Q

Example of Multipolar Neurons

A

-motor neurons
-inter neurons

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10
Q

Interneuron

A

connect one neuron to another in same part of brain or spinal cord

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11
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

-sensory neuron
-where axon leaves soma at one location

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12
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

Sensory neuron where axon terminals extends on both sides

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13
Q

Motor Neuron

A

conducts messages from brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs

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14
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

carries information from body and world to brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

What is the most critical factor in a neuron’s ability to communicate?

A

Neural Membrane (skin)

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16
Q

Neural Membrane contains…

A

Lipids and Proteins

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17
Q

Neural Membrane is…

A

selectively permeable

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18
Q

Polarization

A

difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell

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19
Q

Voltage

A

Difference in electrical charge

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20
Q

Resting Potential

A

-difference in charge between the inside and outside of the membrane of a neuron at rest
-typically around 70mV

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21
Q

At rest a neuron’s outside contains…

A

mostly sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions

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22
Q

At rest a neuron’s inside contains …

A

mostly potassium (K+) and organic anions

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23
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

moves 3 Na+ outside for every 2 K+ inside

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24
Q

Depolarization

A

-caused by a change in ion balance
-moving closer to 0mV

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25
Q

If depolarization reaches threshold (-60mV) at axon hillock…

A

an action potential will be triggered

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26
Q

Steps of Action Potential

A
  1. Membrane depolarized past threshold through a series of local or graded potentials
  2. Voltage-gated Na channels open, Na enter around +30mV
  3. Na channels close, Voltage gated K channels open, K exists. The cell hyperpolarizes around -80mV
  4. K channels slowly close and membrane returns to resting potential
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27
Q

Is a local or graded potential decremental or non-decremental?

A

Decremental- magnitude decreases with distance and time

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28
Q

Is an action potential decremental or non-decremental?

A

Non-decremental: message travels over long distances at the same amplitude

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29
Q

Action Potential All or None Law

A

always occur at full strength or not at all

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30
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

-neuron cannot generate another impulse
-created by inactivated sodium channels

31
Q

Relative Refectory Period

A

action potential generated only in response to stronger-than-threshold stimulus

32
Q

Local anesthetics work by…

A

blocking sodium channels

33
Q

General Anesthetics work by…

A

opening potassium channels

34
Q

Tetrodotoxins work by

A

blocking sodium channels

35
Q

Scorpion venom works by…

A

opening sodium channels

36
Q

Glial Cells

A

non-neural cells that provide a number of supporting functions to the nervous system

37
Q

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) or Schwann Cells (PNS)

A

glial cells that create myelin

38
Q

Astrocytes (CNS)

A

-important for providing nutrients to nervous tissue
-repair from injury (gliosis)

39
Q

Microglia (CNS)

A

-main immune system mechanism in the CNS
-scavenge for plaques or antigens

40
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

-myelin gaps
- where saltatory conduction occurs

41
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

the action potential jumps from node to node

42
Q

Camillo Golgi

A

-developed method that randomly stained some neurons entirely
-Golgi Stain Method
-allowed neuroscientist to track connections between neurons of CNS

43
Q

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

A

-established that neurons were separate cells
-led to discovery of synapse

44
Q

Contiguity

A

in a group but not touching

45
Q

Synapse

A

connections or junctions between individual neurons

46
Q

Presynaptic Neuron

A

transmits the signal

47
Q

Postsynaptic Neuron

A

receives the signal

48
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

gap between the presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron

49
Q

Synaptic Cleft Step 1

A

-action potential depolarizes presynaptic membrane
-Ca+ channels open and Ca+ enters cell

50
Q

Synaptic Cleft Step 2

A

-Vesicles fuse with membrane
-exocytosis occurs (neurotransmitter is released into cleft)

51
Q

Synaptic Cleft Step 3

A

neurotransmitter binds to post synaptic cleft

52
Q

Synaptic Cleft Step 4

A

Ionotropic receptor opens post synaptic ion channels, changing the potential

53
Q

Synaptic Cleft Step 5

A

reuptake pumps then carry neurotransmitter back to presynaptic neuron for repackaging

54
Q

Ionotropic Receptors

A

-cause ion channels to open
-has a direct and rapid effect on the neuron

55
Q

Metabotropic Receptor

A

-open ion channels indirectly
-producing a slower but longer-acting effects

56
Q

Hypopolarized

A

-when the voltage becomes more positive
-creates an EPSP

57
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

A

makes it more likely that an action potential will occur

58
Q

Hyperpolarized

A

when the voltage becomes more negative
-creates an IPSP

59
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A

makes it less likely an action potential will occur

60
Q

What is summation?

A

process that determines whether or not an action potential will be triggered by the combined effects of excitatory and inhibitory signals

61
Q

What does summation do?

A

post-synaptic neuron must combine potentials from many neurons to fire

62
Q

Why is summation important?

A

ensures post-synaptic neuron isn’t fired by spontaneous activity on pre-synaptic neuron

63
Q

Spatial Summation

A

multiple simultaneous inputs on the dendrites and the cell body are combined

64
Q

Temporal Summation

A

-action potentials arriving a short time apart are added together
-come from same place

65
Q

Reuptake

A

the transmitter is brought back into the terminals

66
Q

Inactivation

A

enzymes break down the transmitter in the cleft

67
Q

One function of the specialized protein channels in a cell membrane is to…

A

selectively allow substances to enter or leave the cell

68
Q

Ions

A

charged atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons

69
Q

Potassium ions are concentrated in the …

A

intracellular fluid

70
Q

The action potential spreads through an axon by …

A

depolarizing adjacent membrane to threshold via saltatory conduction

71
Q

What experiment did Otto Loewi perform to show that most synapses are chemical?

A

altering the heart rate in frog hearts by bathing one heart in the chemical solution he collected from another heart

72
Q

Vesicles are stored in the …

A

axon terminals

73
Q

Autoreceptors

A

detect the amount of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft

Bio Psych (12 decks)

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