Chapter 13

Question 1

Intelligence

Answer 1

ability to reason, understand, profit from experience

Question 2

How do we measure intelligence?

Answer 2

-Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
- avg. is 100
- between 85 and 115 is normal

Question 3

Intelligence tests are correlated with …

Answer 3

• pos with school and job performance, income, socioeconomic level
• neg with juvenile delinquency

Question 4

Two Types of Intelligence

Answer 4

• fluid (Gf) and crystalized (Gc)
• proposed by Raymond Cattell

Question 5

Fluid (Gf)

Answer 5

capacity to reason and solve novel problems, independent of any knowledge from the past

Question 6

Crystallized (Gc)

Answer 6

ability to use skills, knowledge and experience

Question 7

Lumpers

Answer 7

• intelligence is a single ability
• termed g for general factor

Question 8

Splitters

Answer 8

intelligence is a collection of abilities that are more or less independent of one another

Question 9

Einstein’s Brain

Answer 9

• slightly smaller
• relatively larger parietal lobes
• more glia in left parietal

Question 10

General Intelligence is correlated with

Answer 10

• gray matter volume
• brain organization ( thicker cortex, smaller columns)

Question 11

high IQ is related to neural efficacy…

Answer 11

• reduced energy (glucose) use
• faster transmission from short-term memory to long-term storage

Question 12

Specific Abilities and their brain area

Answer 12

• Linguistic - left frontal, temporal areas
• Logical (mathematical) - left prefrontal cortex (rote calculation) ; parietal lobes (active calculation)
• Spatial - right parietal structures

Question 13

Heritability of Intelligence

Answer 13

• 41% and increases with age
• high for brain volume

Question 14

Genes related to Intelligence

Answer 14

• ASPM - brain size
• PACAP - neurogenesis

Question 15

Intellectual Disability

Answer 15

• a limitation in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior originating before the age of 18
• IQ below 70 and difficulty meeting routine needs

Question 16

How do we diagnose intellectual ability?

Answer 16

• conceptual : skills ( math, reading, language)
• social - empathy, communication, friendships
• practical - personal care, money management

Question 17

Severity Levels

Answer 17

Mild - IQ 50-70 ; 85%
Moderate - IQ 35-49 ; 10%
Severe - IQ 20-34 ; 4%
Profound - IQ below 20 ; 1%

Question 18

Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)

Answer 18

• genetic disorder caused by the presence of all (95%), or part of a third copy if chromosome 21
• leading genetic cause of intellectual disability

Question 19

Translocational Down Syndrome

Answer 19

extra genetic material given from parents to baby

Question 20

Fragile X Syndrome

Answer 20

• mutated FMRI gene, role in pruning excess synapses
• complete silence of gene results in avg IQ of 40
• co-occurs with autism and is a suspected genetic cause of autism

Question 21

PKU ( Phenylketonuria)

Answer 21

• PAH gene mutation prevents enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine (amino acid)
• can lead to intellectual disability but can be prevented

Question 22

Hydrocephalus

Answer 22

• fluid build up in ventricles, reducing brain tissue amount
• treated by using a shun
• 50% with 5% of brain capacity have IQs over 100

Question 23

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Answer 23

• set of neurodevelopment disorders characterized by social deficits, communication difficulties, and repetitive behaviors
• 1 in 68 children have ASD

Question 24

Caused of ASD

Answer 24

Environment
- traffic pollution
- maternal metabolic conditions

Genetics
- Fragile X or Tuberous Sclerosis

Disorder of Brain Development
- brain grows rapidly after birth

-Lack of Amygdala and vmPFC coordination

-Decreased White matter