Chapter 3

Question 1

self concept

Answer 1

refers to an individuals self-beliefs and self evaluation; The Who am I, and, How do I feel about myself

Question 2

what levels are our self concept defined at

Answer 2

individual, relational, collective

Question 3

individual

Answer 3

in terms of our personal traits

Question 4

relational self

Answer 4

connections to friends and coworkers

Question 5

Collective self

Answer 5

membership in teams, organization, social groups, other entities

Question 6

what can an individual’s self-concept be described by

Answer 6

complexity, consistency, clarity

Question 7

complexity

Answer 7

refers to the number of distinct and important roles or identities that people perceive about themselves; more than one because different roles at different times

Question 8

consistency

Answer 8

high consistency exists when the individual identities are compatible with each other and with the person’s actual personality and values; low consistency occurs when some self views require personal characteristics that conflict with attributes required for other self views

Question 9

clarity

Answer 9

the degree to which a person’s self concept is clear, confidently defined, and stable; confident about who we are

Question 10

self enhancement

Answer 10

when individuals rate themselves above average; better than average probability of success, attribute their success to personal motivation or ability while blaming situation for their mistakes

Question 11

positive of self enhancement

Answer 11

tend to experience better mental and physical health and have more of a “can do” attitude

Question 12

negatives of self enhancement

Answer 12

overestimate future returns in investment, engage in unsafe behavior; repeating poor decisions

Question 13

self verification

Answer 13

confirm and maintain their existing self concept; stabilizes an individuals self view, which in turn provides an important anchor that guides his or her thoughts and actions; different because it seeks feedback

Question 14

pieces of self verification

Answer 14

more likely to remember information that is consistent with their self-concept, high self concept will dismiss feedback that contradicts that, prefer interacting with those who affirm their self views

Question 15

self evaluation

Answer 15

defined by three elements; self esteem, self efficacy, locus of control

Question 16

self esteem

Answer 16

the extent to which people like, respect, and a re satisfied with themselves; high self esteem are less influenced by others

Question 17

self efficacy

Answer 17

refers to a persons belief about successfully completing a task; high has a “can do” attitude

Question 18

locus of control

Answer 18

defined by a persons general beliefs about the amount of control he or she has over personal life events; internal means caused by personal characteristics, eternal means fate, luck, conditions, etc.

Question 19

The social self

Answer 19

two opposing human motives; be distinctive and different from other people, inclusion and assimilation with other people

Question 20

social identity theory

Answer 20

says that people define themselves by the groups to which they belong or have an emotional attachment

Question 21

categorical thinking

Answer 21

the mostly non conscious process of organizing people and objects into preconceived categories that are store in our long term memory

Question 22

how are people normally grouped together

Answer 22

observable similarity (gender, age, race, clothing style, so forth, proximity to each other, filling in missing information about people or places

Question 23

mental models

Answer 23

road maps of the environments in which we live; knowledge structures that we develop to describe, explain, and predict the world around us; visual or relational images in our mind; partly rely on perceptual grouping

Question 24

stereotyping

Answer 24

the perceptual process in which we assign characteristics to an identifiable group and then automatically transfer those features to anyone we believe is a member of that group

Question 25

why do people stereotype

Answer 25

non conscious energy saving process that simplifies our understanding of the world; innate need to understand and anticipate how others will behave (fill in the missing pieces that don’t have when we are first meeting someone); motivated by the observers need for social identity and self-enhancement

Question 26

categorization

Answer 26

categorizing people into a distance group

Question 27

homogenization

Answer 27

simplify comparison process, tend to think that people within each group are very similar to each other

Question 28

differentiation

Answer 28

assign more favorable characteristics to people in our groups than to people in other groups

Question 29

problems with stereotyping

Answer 29

inaccurate because they do not describe everyone, stereotype threat, lays the foundation for discriminatory attitudes and behaviors

Question 30

stereotype threat

Answer 30

whereby members of a stereotyped group are concerned that they might exhibit a negative feature of the stereotype; negatively affects their behavior and performance which makes them fall into the actual stereotype that was being said

Question 31

unintentional (systematic) discrimination

Answer 31

decision makers rely on stereotypes to establish notions of the “ideal” person in specific roles

Question 32

intentional discrimination or prejudice

Answer 32

in which people hold unfounded negative attitudes toward people belonging to a particular stereotyped group

Question 33

self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 33

occurs when our expectations about another person cause that person to act in a way that is consistent with those expectations

Question 34

self fulfilling prophecy cycle; subordinate

Answer 34

supervisor forms expectation about the employee, supervisors expectations affect his/her behavior toward the employee, supervisor’s behavior affects the employee’s ability and motivating (self confidence), employees behavior becomes more consistent with the supervisors initial expectations

Question 35

when does the self fulfilling prophecy have the strongest effect

Answer 35

the beginning of a relationship, such as when they are first hired; also when several people hold the same expectations

Question 36

positive organizational behavior

Answer 36

suggests that focusing on the positive rather than the negative aspects of life will improve organizational success and individual well being

Question 37

halo effect

Answer 37

occurs when our general impression of a person, usually based on one prominent characteristic, distorts our perception of other characteristics of that person; late for work a couple times, he becomes that guy and the good in him can’t be seen

Question 38

false consensus

Answer 38

occurs when people overestimate the extent to which others have similar beliefs to our own; the promotion from the TBL, thought it was good/ thought they were trying to get rid of her cause of gender and race

Question 39

primacy effect

Answer 39

tendency to rely on the first information we receive about people to quickly form an opinion of them; heard boss was scary, that’s what we think they are

Question 40

recency effect

Answer 40

occurs when the most recent information dominates our perceptions; employee doing performance reviews at end of year, things completed more toward end are remembered more easily

Question 41

how to improve perceptions

Answer 41

awareness of perceptual biases, self-awareness, and meaningful interaction

Question 42

awareness of perceptual biases

Answer 42

by knowing they exist; like diversity training (although can reinforce by bringing it all up)

Question 43

improving self awareness

Answer 43

complete formal tests that indicate any biases we might have toward one another, johavi window

Question 44

johavi window

Answer 44

objective is to increase the size of the open area so that both you and your colleagues are aware of your perceptual limitations; conversations about ourselves

Question 45

meaning interaction =

Answer 45

more indirect, yet potentially powerful, approach to improving self awareness and mutual understanding; anytime people engage in meaningful activities

Question 46

contact hypothesis

Answer 46

theory stating that the more we interact with someone, the less prejudice we will be against that person

Question 47

empathy

Answer 47

a person’s understanding of and sensitivity to the feelings, thoughts, and situations