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‱‱ > Chapter 3 & 4 Collaborative > Flashcards

Chapter 3 & 4 Collaborative Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bright field microscope?

A

Background is bright

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2
Q

What is a dark field microscope?

A

Background is dark. Done by adding a disc into the condenser

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3
Q

What are fluorescence microscopes?

A

Microscopes that use UV light and fluorescent dyes

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4
Q

What is electron microscopy?

A

Forms an image w/ a beam of electrons with waves 100,000x shorter than waves of visible light, causing an extremely high resolution

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5
Q

What is a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

A

It shows internal structures of slides with sliced specimen

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6
Q

What is a scanning electron microscope (SEM)?

A

Provides an external view of the surface of an organism. No slicing

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7
Q

6 I’s of microbiology?

A

Inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, information gathering, identification

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8
Q

What is inoculation?

A

Transferring microbes from 1 area to another, or delivery

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9
Q

What is incubation?

A

Promoting growth

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10
Q

What is isolation?

A

Isolating a microbe to obtain a pure culture (where only 1 type of organism is growing in a given area)

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11
Q

What is inspection?

A

Examination
Macroscopic - with eyes
Microscopic - using microscope

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12
Q

What is information gathering?

A

About:
Biochemical traits - such as metabolic enzymes
Immunological testing - such as antigens and antibodies
Genetic typing - gives most information

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13
Q

What is identification?

A

Attaching a name or identity to a microbe. Allows you to pick the correct treatment

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14
Q

What is magnification?

A

Enlarging apparent size of an object

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15
Q

What is resolving power?

A

Smallest separation at which 2 small, separate objects can be distinguished. 0.2 μm

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16
Q

Some key parts of the microscope?

A

Ocular lens/eyepiece, revoling nosepiece, objective lenses, coarse focus knob, fine focus knob, base, arm, light source, iris diaphragm, condenser

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17
Q

Where is the light source?

A

On the base

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18
Q

Where is the iris diaphragm?

A

A little lever on top of the condenser, underneath the stage

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19
Q

Where is the condenser?

A

Underneath the stage

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20
Q

Total magnification is?

A

Objective power x ocular power

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21
Q

What is resolution?

A

Capacity to distinguish or separate 2 adjacent objects. AKA clarity of an image. Shorter wavelength = higher resolution

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22
Q

What mounts are for live cells and what are for dead cells?

A

Live - wet mounts and hanging drop mounts
Dead - fixed mounts

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23
Q

What is a smear?

A

A thin film of solution of microbes on a slide

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24
Q

What is staining?

A

Coloring microbe with a dye that emphasizes certain structures

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25
Q

What are basic dyes?

A

Cationic, positively charged dyes. They are used for positive staining

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26
Q

What is positive staining?

A

The positively-charged basic dye is attracted to the negatively charged microbe, microbe is stained

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27
Q

What is an acidic dye?

A

An anionic, negatively charged dye. Used for negative staining

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28
Q

What is negative staining?

A

The negative microbe repels the negatively-charged dye, causing it to stain the background. Opposites attract

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29
Q

What are simple stains?

A

1 dye is used

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30
Q

What are differential stains?

A

A primary stain and a counterstain, 2 dyes, are used to reveal different structures. Gram stain and acid-fast stains!

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31
Q

What is a structural/special stain?

A

Reveals structures external to the cell such as the capsule, flagella, or endospores

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32
Q

How do differential and structural stains work?

A

If the color you see at the end is the primary stain, it’s positive for whatever you’re testing for

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33
Q

What is a colony?

A

A substance that has increased in numbers to the point where it is visible with our eyes

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34
Q

Most commonly used isolation technique?

A

A streak plate. Gets organisms growing on surface

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35
Q

What is media?

A

Stuff used to grow microbes

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36
Q

How is media classified?

A

Physical state (liquid, semisolid, solid), chemical composition (synthetic or complex), and functional type (general purpose, enriched, selective, differential, etc)

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37
Q

What is agar?

A

The most commonly used solidifying agent. It’s solid at room temp and liquefies at 100°C (boiling)

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38
Q

Most commonly used media?

A

Nutrient broth and nutrient agar, which are complex (since beef extract, an ingredient in both, is not chemically defined)

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39
Q

What is a synthetic chemical composition?

A

A compound which has pure compounds in an exact chemical formula. Everything is known and every quantity is defined

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40
Q

What is a complex chemical composition?

A

At least 1 ingredient is not chemically defined

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41
Q

What is general purpose media?

A

Grows a broad range of microbes

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42
Q

What is enriched media?

A

Media with complex, organic substances to aid in growth

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43
Q

What is selective media?

A

Contains 1 or more ingredients that inhibit growth of some microbes, and encourage growth of desired microbes

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44
Q

What is differential media?

A

Allows growth of several types of microbes and produces visible differences among those microbes

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45
Q

What features do all bacteria have?

A

A cell membrane, a nucleoid/bacterial chromosome, ribosomes, and cytoplasm

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46
Q

What features do some bacteria have?

A

Atypical cell wall, glycocalyx, external structures (flagella and axial filaments), and pili and fimbriae

47
Q

What is a cell membrane?

A

A phospholipid bilayer embedded w/ proteins which provides a site for nutrient passing/processing and nutrient synthesis. Selectively permeable

48
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Organelles which synthesize proteins

49
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

A dense gelatinous solution inside cells. Mostly water

50
Q

What is an atypical cell wall?

A

Mycobacterium - acid-fast
Mycoplasma - wallless, no cell wall

51
Q

What is a glycocalyx?

A

A coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars and proteins

52
Q

Functions of glycocalyx?

A

Protects cells from dehydration and nutrient loss, inhibits killing by WBCs , contributes to pathogenicity, forms biofilms

53
Q

2 types of glycocalyx?

A

Slime layer - loosely organized and attached
Capsule - highly organized and tightly attached

54
Q

What are external structures?

A

Flagella and axial filaments, fimbriae, and pili

55
Q

What is the difference between flagella of gram positive and gram negative flagella?

A

Gram pos - 2 rings
Gram neg - 4 rings

56
Q

Flagellar arrangements?

A

Monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, and peritrichous

57
Q

What is a monotrichous flagella shape?

A

Single flagella at one end. Think mono for 1

58
Q

What is a lophotrichous flagella shape?

A

Small bunches emerging on one side

59
Q

What is a amphitrichous flagella shape?

A

Flagella at both ends. Think ambidextrous, for 2

60
Q

What is a peritrichous flagella shape?

A

Flagella dispersed all around. Think perimeter

61
Q

What are fimbriae and their functions?

A

Hairlike bristles emerging from a cell surface which provide adhesion to other cells and surfaces

62
Q

What determines cell shape and prevents lysis?

A

Structure of cell wall

63
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

Variation in cell shape and size within a single species

64
Q

What is Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology?

A

A five-volume resource covering all known prokaryotes

65
Q

What is sporulation?

A

The formation of endospores

66
Q

What are endospores?

A

Inert, resting cells produced by clostridium and bacillus. They have a thick coat, live indefinitely , and arise from vegetative cells

67
Q

What is rickettsia?

A

An obligate intracellular parasite. Strange in that it’s a bacteria, not a virus (as are most other obligate intracellular parasites)

68
Q

What is chlamydias?

A

An obligate intracellular parasite which can cause a severe eye infection or a lung infection. An STD

69
Q

What are some specific unusual forms of medically significant bacteria?

A

Rickettsia and chlamydias

70
Q

What 2 genus form endospores?

A

Clostridium and bacillus

71
Q

What kind of stains are Gram stains and acid-fast stains?

A

Differential stains of the cell wall

72
Q

When would you use a wet mount?

A

For looking at a living organism for a short period of time

73
Q

When would you use a hanging drop mount?

A

For looking at a living organism for a long period of time

74
Q

What cell’s wall has mycolic acid?

A

Mycobacterium, or an acid-fast cell wall. Makes it thick and waxy

75
Q

What can mycobacterium cause?

A

Leprosy or tuberculosis

76
Q

What stabilizes mycoplasma?

A

Sterols or cholesterol. It is pleomorphic bc of this

77
Q

What kind of stain would you perform to look for capsules?

A

A negative stain. Presence of capsules also means the cell cannot be phagocytized

78
Q

What is the best way to identify a microbe?

A

Looking at its’ DNA sequence

79
Q

What is a name for a liquid media?

A

Broth

80
Q

What is a name for a solid media?

A

Agar

81
Q

Are nutrient agar and nutrient broth complex or synthetic?

A

Complex, they contain beef extract that is not chemically defined

82
Q

What is CHROMagar?

A

A differential media used for determining the cause of a UTI

83
Q

3 domains?

A

Archaea (prokaryotes), bacteria (prokaryotes), and eukarya

84
Q

What do all living things have?

A

DNA (and RNA), ribosomes, metabolism, and a cell membrane

85
Q

What are types of eukarya?

A

Animals (helminths), plants, fungi, protists (protozoa and algae)

86
Q

What are other names for axial filaments?

A

Periplasmic flagella, endoflagella

87
Q

What are flagella and axial filaments for?

A

Motility

88
Q

What are fimbriae for?

A

Attachment

89
Q

What are pili for?

A

Conjugation

90
Q

What is conjugation?

A

A partial DNA transfer using pili and exchanging plasmids

91
Q

What is a cell envelope?

A

A term referring to the cell wall and cell membrane. In humans, lacking cell walls, this is only the cell membrane

92
Q

Traits of gram-positive bacteria?

A

Thick peptidoglycan, teichoic and lipoteichoic acid, stains purple, 2 rings on flagellum

93
Q

Traits of gram-negative bacteria?

A

Thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), endotoxin, periplasmic space, stains pink, 4 rings on flagellum

94
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

It’s present in all bacteria that have cell walls. Made of NAG and NAM

95
Q

Ribosome S numbers for prokaryotes?

A

70S, 50S large subunit and 30s small subunit. P for prime numbers

96
Q

Ribosome S numbers for eukaryotes?

A

80S, 60S large subunit and 40S small subunit. E for even

97
Q

What are vegetative cells?

A

Ones that will turn into endospores, in the meantime they are metabolically active and growing

98
Q

What is germination?

A

A return to vegetative growth (in endospores)

99
Q

What does the staph(ylo) prefix mean?

A

A cluster, or irregulary shaped

100
Q

What does the strep(to) prefix mean?

A

A chain

101
Q

What does coccus mean?

A

Round

102
Q

What does bacillus mean?

A

Rod

103
Q

What does coccobacillus mean?

A

Short and plump

104
Q

What does vibrio mean?

A

Gently curved rod

105
Q

What does spirillum mean?

A

Spiral, without corkscrew movement

106
Q

What does spirochete mean?

A

Springlike, with corkscrew movement

107
Q

What does diplo mean?

A

2

108
Q

What does tetrad mean?

A

4

109
Q

What does sarcina mean?

A

8

110
Q

What is a strain?

A

The smallest unit of organization

111
Q

What do archaea with cell walls have?

A

Pseudomurein. It’s a fake form of peptidoglycan, since only bacteria can have peptidoglycan

112
Q

What are archaea?

A

Extremophiles. Such as hyperthermophiles and extreme halophiles

113
Q

When would you use a fixed mount?

A

When looking at dead organisms

‱‱ (20 decks)

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