Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is microbiology?
The study of microorganisms
What are microorganisms?
Organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye, requiring a microscope to study
What are the categories of microorganisms?
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, and helminths (worms)
What are some fun facts about bacteria and fungi?
We have more bacteria than our own cells in our bodies
Fungi are not motile, meaning they don’t move
What is epidemiology?
Where, when, and why disease occurs
What is the CDC?
Center for disease control and prevention
What is WHO?
World health organization
What is MMWR?
Morbidity and mortality weekly report
What is biotechnology?
Using microbes to produce something such as foods, drugs, and vaccines
What is genetic engineering?
Alteration of genetic makeup of organisms
What is industrial microbiology?
Scaling up processes to make big quantities of a desired product
What is immunology?
Study of the immune system. Includes blood testing, vaccination, and allergy
What is agricultural microbiology?
Relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals
What are food microbiologists?
Impact of microbes on food supply. Such as food spoilage, food-borne diseases, and production
What are prokaryotes?
Simple cells. They lack nuclei and organelles and are unicellular. They came first in history and are usually rod-shaped
What are eukaryotes?
Complex cells. They contain nuclei and organelles. Some are unicellular, some types vary, and some are multicellular
What are viruses?
Acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein. They are nonliving and have either DNA or RNA (unlike living things, which have both)
What is photosynthesis?
Light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material
What is decomposition?
Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds
Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic
Are viruses prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Neither, they aren’t cells at all
Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Are protozoa prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Are algae prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic
Are helminths prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
What is bioremediation?
Using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem
Are microbes free-living?
Yes, they don’t rely on other organisms for life, except for parasites
What are pathogens?
Microbes that do harm.
Nearly 1500 different microbes cause human diseases
10M+ deaths from infections per year worldwide
Majority of deaths from infections are concentrated in developing countries
Theory of biogenesis?
Idea that living things can only arise from other living things. Opposed to the old, outdated belief of spontaneous generation
Who is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek?
He made a microscope and was the first to observe living microbes. He sketched his findings in his diarrhea so accurately that it could be identified as Giardia
Who is Dr. Jenner?
Father of vaccination. He scratched a boy with cowpox lesion juice and transferred immunity of smallpox to him
What are endospores?
Heat-resistant bacteria
What is sterility?
Elimination of all life forms including endospores, viruses, and prions
Who is Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes?
He observed that women giving birth at home had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals
Who is Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis?
He correlated infections of women giving birth at hospitals with physicians coming directly from autopsy room to maternity ward
Who is Joseph Lister?
Father of aseptic techniques
What are some easy ways to remember which doctor/scientist did what?
Dr. HOLMES- discovered women birthing at HOME were healthier
Joseph Lister - aseptic like LISTERINE
Louis Pasteur - spoilage and fermentation and PASTEURIZATION
Major contributors to germ theory of disease and microbiology?
Louis Pasteur mostly. Robert Koch too
What did Louis Pasteur do?
Showed that microbes caused fermentation and spoilage. Made pasteurization
What is germ theory of disease?
Diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body
What is taxonomy?
Organizing, classifying, and naming living things
Who is Carl von Linne (or Linneis)?
He originated taxonomy, nomenclature, classification, and identification
Levels of classification from largest to smallest unit?
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, strain
Trick to remember levels of classification?
Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Salty Soup
What are subtypes of domain?
Archaea, bacteria, and eukarya.
Archaea and bacteria are prokaryotes, eukarya is eukaryotic
True or false: organisms in the same family are in the same class
True
How are scientific names assigned?
Using binomial nomenclature. The first name, capitalized, is Genus, the second, lowercase, is species. Both are italicized or underlined
What are bacteria?
True bacteria
What are archaea?
Odd bacteria living in extreme environments
What are eukarya?
A domain containing a nucleus and organelles
Microbiology is the study of…
Microorganisms
Prokaryotes are organisms that lack ____ and _____ whereas eukaryotes have _____
Nuclei, organelles, both
Bioremediation involves the use of microbes to…
Remedy an environmental problem
Other than bioremediation list 4 other benefits for microbes.
1) Genetic engineering
2) Understanding immunology
3) Understanding food microbiology
4) Understanding agriculture
Microbes that enter into and damage a host are termed….
Pathogens
Compare and contrast spontaneous generation and biogenesis.
Spontaneous generation says that living things come from nonliving entities, like maggots from a corpse, or frogs from mud. Biogenesis says that life can only come from other living beings. Both are theories on where life comes from
Which scientist disproved spontaneous generation with his invention of the swan-neck (s-shaped) flask?
Louis Pasteur
Van Leeweunhoek was credited with the first _____. He described the tiny beings he saw as ______.
Microscope, little animals
Define nomenclature
Choosing of names for things
Define taxonomy
Branch of science focused on classification (mostly of organisms)
Write the proper nomenclature for a microbe and explain how handwriting nomenclature is different from typed nomenclature.
First name is capitalized and is the genus, second name is lowercase and is the species. The names are italicized when typed and underlined when handwritten
Which of the following does NOT describe a fungus?
1) Contains a nucleus
2) Has 80S ribosomes
3) Useful in decomposition
4) Is photosynthetic
4.
1 - true, fungi are eukaryotic
2 - unsure, do not touch
3 - true
4 - NOT true, fungi and mold grow in dark, damp areas and do not use light to grow
Therefore it is 2
The 3 domains of life are: _____, ______, and _____
Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
The study of evolutionary relatedness of organisms to a common ancestor is known as _____
Phylogeny
