Chapter 2A - Psychological Techniques Used To Enhance Training and Performance Flashcards
What is motivation, what are the three types?
Motivation - The direction and intensity of an athlete’s effort. Athletes usually experience more than one type of motivation, and can vary based on activity, perceptions of competency and importance athlete places on activity.
Intrinsic Motivation - An athlete’s internal desire for their behavior to be competent and self-determined. (Best motivator) Originates from love of sport and personal satisfaction.
Extrinsic Motivation - Comes from external sources (coaches, teammates), in the form of individualized rewards such as coach praise, social acceptance, avoidance of punishment.
Achievement motivation - Reflects an athlete’s effort to master a specific task, achieve excellence, perform better than others, and overcome obstacles. (more competitive, tend to be better performers than others)
There are two types of achievement motivation. Motive to Achieve (MAS) and Motive to avoid failure (MAF). Explain the two, which one like/dislikes a challenging situation or task.
Motive to Achieve Success - Characterized by a desire to challenge and evaluates one’s ability and be proud of accomplishments. (People high in this like challenging situation, with 50/50 chance of success)
Motive to avoid failure - characterized by desire to avoid being perceived as a failure, preserve one’s ego and self-confidence, and minimize shame. (Like easy situation )
What are imagery Techniques, and how can they be helpful?
Mental visualization of specific athletic situations. Benefits of vivid imagery provide an athlete with successful execution of a skill under stressful competitive situation. Allows athlete to experience situation with all senses. Gains confidence, can watch self do reps.
Name four popular reinforcement strategies.
- Positive reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement
- Positive punishment
- Negative punishment
Explain positive reinforcement and negative reinforcements.
Positive reinforcement - Goal is to increase the occurrence of favorable behavior (ex- skill, movement, appropriate teamwork) or outcome (improved performance) immediately after the positive behavior occurs, the athlete or team is given a positive incentive. (praise, more playing time, starting position, rest between sets)
Negative reinforcement - Provides a “reward” after the occurrence of the desired behavior or outcome. This reward is the removal of a stimulus viewed as aversive. (removing regularly scheduled pushups after practice after team did perfect execution of play)
Explain positive punishment and negative punishment? These are also two reinforcement strategies.
Positive punishment - Used to deter undesirable behavior by presenting an action, object, or event after the unwanted behavior occurs. Ex. Running after practice due to being late / or being reprimanded after performing a play wrong.
Negative punishment - Involves the removal of a highly valued positive stimulus after an unwanted behavior or outcome occurs to deter future occurrences of the behavior. (Ex. Turning off music in practice cause team is goofing off)
Explain self-confidence in relationship to CSCS
Self confidence - belief in one’s ability to perform a specific behavior such as hitting a baseball or completing a marathon
Different types
- Self confidence in performing physical skills
- In one’s ability to use psychological skills
- in perceptual skills visual scanning)
- One’s learning potential (needed to improve skills)
- Confidence in one’s training and level of fitness
Explain Self-efficacy in relationship to CSCS. What is the best way to improve an athletes self efficacy
Self-efficacy (SE) - the athlete’s perception of their ability to perform a situation-specific task successfully.
- Most important source of the athletes SE is the athlete’s past performance.
-Second source is having an athlete of similar skill performance well, and the main athlete watching said performance.
- Third source is verbal persuasion ( can be from coaches, teammates, oneself, and other external sources)
4th - Emotional/ mood states. ( Ex. convincing athlete that their jittery state is excitement to compete)
Having an athlete set and achieve reasonable goals is a way to provide performance success, and positively impact SE
Explain the importance of positive self-talk with motivation.
What is instructional self-talk?
What is Negative self talk?
Positive self talk provides motivation, encouragement, and reinforcement to increase effort, energy and positive attitude. ( I am prepared for this race)
Instructional self-talk - he or she generally focuses on technical and task related aspects of performance or strategy. (ex. maintain my race pace for this 800M run)
Negative self-talk - typically denotes anger, doubt, negative judgement, or discouragement.
(there is no way i can win this race)
Explain Focus in regards to attentional control and decision-making skills?
What is selective Attention?
Focus - The ability to focus or keep one’s attention in the present and while in an athletic environment is critical for optimal performance.
Selective Attention - A basketball player needs to stay focused on the location of the players of both teams while ignoring cheering from the crows… would be an example.
With arousal management… explain arousal. How can it be explained as a continuum? Can it be somehow unpleasant and pleasant?
Arousal is the intensity of motivation, anxiety, and focus experienced by an athlete and is the result of physiological and psychological activation. It can be understood as a continuum of activation from deep sleep to very intense excitement.
A highly aroused patient may experience increased HR, sweating and anxiety, while an athlete with low arousal may be lying down and feel tired and unfocused.
Ideal arousal is moderate levels of arousal.. optimal is a reverse U
Arousal can be associated with both pleasant and unpleasant situations.
Explain what is the inverted- U theory?
The inverted-U theory posits that too little or too much arousal negatively impacts athletic performance. Moderate arousal is the ideal?
What is individual zones of optimal functional (IZOF) Theory?
This theory recognizes that there is a continuum of state anxiety that varies across athletes and that emotions can also impact an athlete’s optimal zone of functioning. Coach should help achieve optimal levels.
What is catastrophe theory?
Catastophy theory recognizes that cognitive and somatic anxiety, along with physiological arousal, can negatively impact optimal arousal levels, leading to an abrupt decline in athletic performance.
Cognitive anxiety after an athlete has already hit their arousal threshold can lead to a quick and detrimental decline in their performance.
What is Reversal Theory? What’s more important, the amount of, or the interpretation of arousal?
Reversal theory states that high levels of arousal and anxiety experienced by an athlete can be perceived positively as an indication that the athlete is excited and ready to compete, or negatively as unpleasant, as demonstrated by a lack confidence.
It’s important to the athlete perceives that arousal as positive… the athlete’s interpretation of the arousal is important, not the amount felt. The athlete has the ability to change negative interpretations of arousal into positive interpretation.
