Chapter 1d - Bones and connective Tissue Flashcards
How many bones do humans approximately have and what’s their function? How are they divided?
The human body has about 206 bones, and they provide protection and support for the body. They can be divided into axial (skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs) and appendicular (clavicles, scapula, forearm, coaxial and left and right bones of leg/foot)
Bones consist of spongy (trabecular) and compact (cortical) bone. A shell of dense cortical bone surrounds interlocking columns of trabecular bone call osteons. But what does bone marrow consist of
It’s composed of adipose tissue, vasculature, and the manufacturing site of blood vessels = occupies space between the trabecular and blood vessels and extends from the marrow cavity to cortical bone.
What is bone periosteum?
It is connective tissue that covers all bones, is attached to tendons
Explain collagen, what are the two types?
Collagen is the primary structural component of connective tissue. Bones, ligaments and tendons are type 1 collagen. Cartilage is composed of type 2 collagen. Both are formed from procollagen molecules. The strength and durability of collagen stems from strong cross linking bonds, formed between adjacent collagen bundles. The longitudinal grouping of these bundles together forms ligaments and tendons. The bundles can also be arranged in layered sheets of varying directions, as found in fascia, bones and cartillage
Tendon and ligaments, what do they do.
Tendons and fibrous connective tissue connecting muscle to the periosteum of bone. Muscle contractions pull the tendon, causing the attached bone to move. Ligaments are fibrous connective tissue connecting bone to bone.
What is elastin and why do tendons take long to heal?
Elastin is found in ligaments, and provides the stretch needed for normal joint movement. Tendons and ligaments contain relatively few cells that require little oxygen and nutrients for metabolic activity. Because of the limited vasculature and circulation in tendons, regeneration after injury takes a long time.
How do bone respond to anaerobic training? What is MES
MES is minimal essential strain - the stimulus threshold required to initiate new bone growth. You must utilize specificity of loading and progressive overload to do so. Exercises should it multiple joints and apply increasingly heavy loads.
What does Wolff’s law have to do with anaerobic bone growth?
Bone deposition follows Wolff’s law by stating that bone remodels according to the forces placed upon it; if forces are sufficient in intensity and frequency, bones become stronger, building additional matrix and mineralization, or they atrophy and thin with disuse.
How does aerobic training impact bone?
Aerobic training that stimulates bone growth must be high-intensity weight bearing activities (ex - running and aerobics) . The intensity of activity has to increase progressively to ensure continued overload of the bone. When you can’t increase activity intensity, increase the rate of limb movement. This can be achieved with HIIT.
How does connective tissue respond to anaerobic training?
High intensity causes growth and structural changes. increase enzyme activity results in the formation of collagen that aligns with other collagen molecules to form long filaments. There’s an increase in collagen fibril diameter, number, packing density. Increased tendon stiffness increased which is associated with muscular recoil and power production.
How is connective tissue impacted by aerobic training?
Similar to bone, intensity that exceeds strain put on connective tissue during normal activities is required for connective tissue changes to occur.
