Chapter 1a - Muscle Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

What are the 3 Types of muscle and explain them.

Answer 1

Smooth Muscle - Spindle shaped fibers that are shorter and narrower than skeletal muscle. 1 nucleus and no striations. On walls of blood vessels and the hollow organs of urinary, digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts. Responsible for peristalsis which move substances through digestive tract.

Cardiac muscle - On wall of heart. pumps blood through the heart and the body’s blood vessels.

Skeletal muscle - used in movement of bones at joints and for maintaining posture.

Question 2

What are the muscle fiber types, and short explain them.

Answer 2

Type 1 - Slow twitch (slow-oxidative fibers) - Large capacity for aerobic energy supply and are relatively resistant to fatigue. Limited ability to rapidly generate force due to low anaerobic capacity and low myosin ATPase activity. Slower than Type II with calcium - handling abilities, contract slow, reduce glycolytic capacity. Numerous and large mitochondria.

Type IIa - Fast twitch, energy inefficient, easily fatiguable, low aerobic power. Moderate capacity for both anerobic and aerobic energy production. Classified as fast-oxidative/glycolytic fibers. Can rapidly generate force due to high myosin ATPase and anaerobic power. More capillaries than Type IIX

Type IIx - Also fast twitch, less capacity for aerobic energy production, more fatiguable. Considered fast glycolytic fibers, have greatest capactiy for anaerobic energy production

Question 3

Lists sports corelated with fiber types 1 and type 2’

Answer 3

Type I - 5000 meters run, marathon, soccer, cross country ski, distance cycling and swimming

Type II - 100 M sprint , 800 M run, olympic weightlifting, Football WR, Football Lineman, Volleyball, Baseball

Both - Rowing, tennis, boxing, wrestling, soccer, wrestling

Question 4

List Upper body vs Lower Body Muscles

Answer 4

Upper body - Biceps , rectus and Tra, Deltoids, Lats , rhomboids, pecs, obliques, traps, triceps

Lower Body - Quads, Erector spinae, Calf, Glutes, hammys, adductors

Question 5

Two ways you can group muscles , especially when creating a program.

Answer 5

By muscle function or muscle location

Question 6

What Muscles are in charge of shoulder flexion , extension, abduction and rotation.

Answer 6

Shoulder Flexion - Pec Major, anterior fibers of deltoid and coracobrachalis

Shoulder Extension - teres Majors, Lats, posterior fibers of deltoid

Abduction - Supraspinatus and deltoid

Rotation - Teres minor, infraspinatus and subscapularis

Question 7

What muscles are in charge of elbow flexion and extension. What muscles rotate the forearm.

Answer 7

Elbow Flexion - Biceps Brachii, brachialis and brachioradialis

Elbow Extension - Triceps brachii, anconeus

Forearm rotation - Supinator, pronator teres and pronator quadratus

Question 8

What flexes and extends wrist. Also name hand muscles.

Answer 8

Wrist flexion - Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor digitorum superficialis muscles.

Extension - Extensor carpi ulnaris , extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, and extensor digitroum.

Note: Large gross movements are usually produced by fewer but larger muscles, while fine coordinated movements involve many small muscles for precise movements

Question 9

What muscles flex and extend knee? Plus ankle DF/PF, IV/EV

Answer 9

Knee flexion - biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and sartorius

Knee extension - quads - rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis , and vastus intermedius

DF - Tib anterior , fibularis tertius, EDL, EHL

PF - Soleus, Gastroc, Plantaris and flexor digitorum longus.

Tib pos = inv | Fibularis longus = Ev

Question 10

Erector Spinae - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 10

Origin - Varies for each column
Insertion - Varies for each column
Action - Back Extension - Each side consists of three columns ( iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis )
Exercises - Seated Rows , Dumbbell Rows, Power Jerk, Stiff leg dead lift, deadlifts, back extensions, and lumbar extension

Question 11

Trapzeius - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 11

Origin - Occipital Bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spines of C7 and all of t-spine
Insertion - Continuous insertion along acromion and spine of scapular and lateral third of clavicle
- Action - Stabilizes, raises and rotates scapula; middle fibers abduct scapula; superior fibers elevate scapula (shrugging shoulders), inferior fibers depress scapula ( and shoulder)
Exercises - Back press, bend over lateral raises, arnold press, lateral raises, chin up, rows, deadlifts, clean, snatch, jerk, lateral pull down, shoulder press

Question 12

Rhomboid Major - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 12

Origin - SP of T2-T5
Insertion - Medial border of scpaula
Action - Retracts, elevates and rotates scapula
Exercises - Dead lift , bent over lateral raises alternate front arm raises, dumbbell pullovers, chin-ups, dumbbell one arm row, seated cable row, lat pull down

Question 13

Rhomboid Minor - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 13

Origin - SP of C7-T1
Insertion - Medial border of scapula
Action - Retracts and elevates scapula
Exercises - Dead-lift, bent over lateral raise, alternate front arm raises, dumbbell pullover, lateral pull down, seated cable rows

Question 14

Levator Scapula - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 14

Origin - TP of C1-C4
Insertion - Medial border of scapula
ACtion - Elevates scapula , sidebends ipsilateral
Exercises - Dead lifts

Question 15

Serratus Anterior - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 15

Origin - Slips from upper 8-9 ribs
Insertion - Entire anterior border of vertebral border of scapula
Action - Pulls scapula anteriorly and downward abducts scapula
REsistance exercise - Back Presses, arnold press, alternate front arm raise, incline dumbbell press, dumbbell pullover, bench press dumbbell, dumbbell fly, machine shoulder press

Question 16

Pec Minor - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 16

Origin - Anteior surface of ribs 3 -5
Insertion - Coracoid Process of scapula
Action - Abducts scapula, pulling it forward and downwards. draws ribcage superiorly
Exercise - Incline dumbbell press, dumbbell pull-over, bench press dumbbell, bench press barbell, incliine bench press, dumbbell fly

Question 17

Pec Major - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 17

Origin - Medial 1/2 of clavicle, sternum, and costal cartlages of ribs one through six

Insertion - Greator tubercle of humerus

Action - Arm flexion, rotates arm medially, adducts humerus, pulls arm across chest

REsistance exercise - Tricep dips, arnold press, alternate front arm raises, push up, bench press, pull over, fly

Question 18

Teres Major - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 18

Origin - Posterior surface of scapula at inferior angle
Insertion - Intertubercular groove of humerus
Action - Posteromedially extends, medially rotates, and adducts humerus; synergist of Lat
Exercises - Dumbbell pullover, chin up, lat pull down, dead lifts, dumbbell one arm row, rows

Question 19

Lats - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 19

Origin - Spines of lower 6 thoracic vertebra, lumbar vertebra, lower 3-4 ribs and iliac crest.
Insertion - Intertubercular groove of humerus
Action - Prime mover of arm extension, arm adductor, medially rotates humerus at shoulder
Exercise - Dumbbell pullover , barbell pullover, chinup, lat pull down, rows, deadlifts, one arm rows, cable rows

Question 20

Deltoid - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 20

Origin - Spine of scapula, acromion, and lateral third of clavicle
Insertion - Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Action - Abduction, flexion and extension of arm
Exercises - dead lift, tricep dips , everything.

Question 21

Name rotator cuff plus - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 21

Varies, Varies,

Action - IR, ER, Supra - assists abduction, stabilizes shoulder, help prevents downward dislocation of humerus.
Exercises - Back Press, Bent over lateral raises , dumbbell rows, dumbbell prone posterior raises.

Question 22

Biceps Brachii - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 22

Origin - Short head: Coracoid process of scapula | Long head - Tubercle above glenoid cavity of scapula

Insertion - Radial tuberosity of radius

Action - Flexes elbow and supinates forearm and hand

Question 23

Brachialis - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 23

Origin - Anterior, distal 1/2 of humerus
Insertion - Coronoid process of ulna
ACtion - Flexes Elbow
Resistance exercise - Dumbbel curl, hammer curl, barbell curl, chin up,cable rows,

Question 24

Brachioradialis - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 24

origin - Lateral supercondylar ridge at distal end of humerus

Insertion - Base of styloid process of radius

Action - Flexes forearm at elbow

Exercise - Hammer curl, dumbbell curl, chin up, seated row

Question 25

Triceps Brachii - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 25

Origin - Long head of infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, lateral head of posterior humerus above radial groove, medial head of posterior humerus below

Inseertion - All three heads ; olecranon process of ulna

Action - Extend forearm

Exercise, Push downs, reverse push down, tricep extensions, dips, push up, arnold press, bench press

Question 26

External oblique - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 26

origin - outer surface of lower 8 ribs
Insertion - outer lip of iliac crest and linea alba
Action - Tenses abdominal wall and compress abdominal contents
Exercise - Dead lifts, sit ups, leg raises, dumbbell sidebends, crunch

Question 27

Internal Obliques - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 27

Origin - Lumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inguinal ligament
Insertion - Cartilages of lower ribs, linea alba, and crest of pubis
Action - Tenses abdominal wall and compresses abdominal contents
Exercsie- Dumbbell side bends

Question 28

Transverse abdominis - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 28

Origin - Inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, cartilages of last 6 ribs , iliac crest
Insertion - Linea alba and crests of pubis
Action - Compresses abdominal components
Resistance Exercises - Pelvic floor exercises and planks

Question 29

Rectus Abdominis - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 29

Origin - Crest of pubis and symphysis of pubis
Insertion - Xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
Action - Flexes and rotates lumbar region of vertebral column; fixes and depresses ribs, stabilizes pelvis when walking; tenses abdominal wall, increases intrabdominal pressure
Exercises - Dead lifts, sit ups, leg raises, dumbbell side bend, abdominal crunch

Question 30

Psoas Major ( iliopsoas) - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 30

Origin - Lumbar IV disks, bodies and TP of lumbar vertebrae
Insertion - Less Trochanter of femur via iliopsoas tendon
Action - Flexes thigh, also affects lateral flexion of vertebral column; important postural muscle
Resistance exercises- Leg raises, barbell lunge

Joins the iliacus muscle to form the iliopsoas

Question 31

Iliacus (iliopsoas) - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 31

Origin - iliac fossa and crest, lateral sacrum
Insertion - femur on and immediately below lesser trochanter of femur via iliopsoas tendon
Action - Prime mover for flexing thigh or for flexing trunk on thigh furing a bow
Resistance exercise - leg raise / barbell lunge

Question 32

Glute Max - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 32

Origin - Sacrum, Coccyx, and posterior surface of ilum
Insertion - Posterior surface of femur and thigh
Action - Major extensor of thigh, generall inactive during standing and walking; laterally rotates and abducts thigh
Exercise- deadlifts, power clean, snatch, jerk ,squat, lunge, leg press, back extension

Question 33

Piriformis - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 33

Origin - Anterior surface of sacrum
Insertion - Super border of greater trochanter
Action - Abducts and rotates thigh laterally; stabilizes hip joint.
Exercise - Dead lifts

Question 34

Hammy- Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 34

Origin - Ischial tuberosity
Insertion - Varies on muscle
Action - Extends thigh and flexes knee, laterally or medially rotates leg, especially when knee is fixed
Exercises - LEg curl, dead lifft, clean, snatch, jerk, leg press, lunge,

Question 35

Quad group - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 35

origin - Varies on specific muscle
Insertion - Patella ligament to tibial tuberosity
ACtion - Extends and stabilizes knee
Resistance exercise - Dead lifts, leg extension, power clean, power snatch

Question 36

Gastrocnemius - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 36

• Origin - lateral and medial condyles of femur,
  Insertion - Posterior surface of calcaneus
  Action - PF of foot; flexes knee
  EXercises leg curls, calf raises, clean, snatch, jerk, barbell lumge

Question 37

Soleus - Origin , Insertion, Action, and Exercises

Answer 37

Origin - Head and shaft of fibula and posterior surface of tibia
Insertion - Posterior surface of calcaneus
Action - PF of foot
Exercises - Standing calf raises, power clean, snatch, jerk and lunge.

Question 38

Explain a muscle fiber, what’s their diameter, how many nuclei. How many can be bundled together, What are they covered by?

Answer 38

Also called a myocyte, they are long striated cylindrical cells about the diameter of human hair (50-100micrometer) Many nuclei covered by a fibrous membrane called sarcolemma. Up to 150 can be bundled together into parallel fasciculi. Each fasciculi is covered by perimysium, and each muscle fiber covered by endomysium, another connective tissue.

Question 39

What is a sarcolemma? What does it surround.

Answer 39

This surrounds each muscle fiber. It’s a thin elastic membrane consisting of a phospholipid bilayer and an outer membrane with collagen and other structural elements.

Question 40

Sarcoplasm, what is it and what does it contain?

Answer 40

A special term for cytoplasm of a muscle fiber. It’s filled with myofibrils and contains components required for muscle contraction including various proteins, protein filaments, mitochondria, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, stored glycogen, enzymes and ions.

Question 41

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 41

It’s a network of tubular channels and vesicles, which together provide structural integrity to the muscle fiber. Also is a calcium (Ca2+) pump, moving calcium ions from the sarcoplasm into the muscle fiber. Influx of Ca results from action potential from the sarcoplasm into the muscle muscle fiber from an action potential in the sarcomere, causing depolarization that initiates muscles movement

Question 42

What is a myofibril?

Answer 42

Myofibrils consist of a long , thin chain protein, such as actin, myosin, and titan. Bunches of myofibrils and nuclei together make a muscle spindle

Question 43

What is a myofilament?

Answer 43

Myofilaments consist of protein chains containing actin and myosin and are the smaller components of the myofibrils within striated muscle fibers. A sacromere is composed of myofilaments

Question 44

What is a sacromere

Answer 44

Smallest functional unit of muscle fiber, contains actin and myosin. They are responsible for muscle contraction. Located between two z-lines, actin and mysofin filaments are configured in parellel, end to end, along whole myofibril

Question 45

A-band, H-zone, I-band and Z-Line?

Answer 45

The sacromere has 4 definied segments

A-band - Contains both actin and myosin
Z line - each sarcomere is composed of a basic repeating unit between the Z-line located at the end of each sarcomere
H-Zone - A region located in the center of the sacromere within the A band that only contains myosin
I band - Only contains actin filaments and only consists of two connected sarcomeres on either side of Z-line

Question 46

What is the transverse tubular system?

Answer 46

This is perpendicular to the myofibiril and two sarcoplasmic channels. The lateral end of each tubule channel terminates as a Ca2 storing vesicle. Each Z-line region contains 2 vesicles and a T-tubules. T-tubules spread the action potential form the surface of the cells outer membrane to all inner regions of the cell. depolarization releases Ca2+ from vesicles.

Question 47

What is myosin?

Answer 47

The interaction between myosin, the thick filament, and actin the thin filament, causes the sarcomere to shorten as the muscle contracts. It also splits ATP. The phosphate released from ATP hydrolysis provides the energy required for myosin to produce the power stroke, causing the myosin head to grab onto the actin and pull the filaments closer together as muscle contraction occurs.

Question 48

What is actin?

Answer 48

Protein that forms the thinner myofilament, which consists of two strands of actin in a double helix configuration. The sarcomere contracts when actin and myosin bind together and complete a power stroke.

Question 49

What is troponin?

Answer 49

A protein located at regular intervals along the actin filament - binds with the Calcium release from the sarcoplastic reticulum. This causes a conformational change in tropomyosin exposining the binding site on the actin filament for the myosin head to form cross bridges.

Question 50

What is tropomyosin?

Answer 50

Protein in the I-band located along the actin filament in a groove formed by the double helix conif of the two actin strands. The conformational change of troponin moves the tropomyosin deeper into the groove, allowing the actin and myosin cross-bridge to rapidly attach, pulling the actin toward the center of the sarcomere in ta contractile action. It inhibits the actin and myosin bonding, which prevents a constant state of muscle contraction.

Question 51

What is ACH Acetylcholine

Answer 51

Vesicles located at the terminal end of the moto neurons release the neurotransmitter ACH when an action potential arrives at the terminal end of a motor neuron. Ach diffuses across the synaptic space of the NMJ, and this excites the sarcolemma initiating muscle contraction.

Question 52

Types of skeletal muscle structures, think of fascicular arrangements and muscle examples

Answer 52

Circular - Fascicles are arranged in a concentric ring - Obicularis oris (muscles surrounding mouth)

Convergent (radiate) - Muscle has a broad origin and is fan or triangular shapes - pec major , glute med

Parellel / longitudinal - Long axis of fascicles are parallel to long axis of muscle. Rectus abdominis

Unipennate - Short fascicles insert obliquely into only one side of tendon - EDL, tibialis posterior

Bipennate - Fascicles insert into opposite sides of one central tendon - rectus femoris

Multipennate - tendon branches within the muscle - deloid

Fusiform - spindle shaped muscle - biceps brachii

Question 53

Sliding Filament Theory?

Answer 53

It states that muscle shortening and lengthening is due to the movement of actin and myosin sliding past each other and reducing the distance between the Z-line of the sarcomere because the overlap of the filament increase

Question 54

What does Calcium bind with during sliding filament theory ?

Answer 54

Ca binds with troponin, resulting in tropomyosin moving further into the double helix groove allowing actin and myosin filaments to rapidly bind, resuling in power stroke that pulls that actin towards the center of the sarcomere.

Question 55

ATP breakdown during Sliding filament theory?

Answer 55

During the contraction phase, the enzyme myosin adenosine triphosphate (ATPbase) breaks down ATP into adenosine diphosphate (ADP)/ The ADP on the myosin cross bridge globular head is replaced with ATP so that myosin head has energy to detach from the actin and then re-cock and grab onto the next binding sport on the actin filament, helping to slide down and create the sarcomere shortening needed for muscular contraction

Question 56

What happens is ATP and Ca are avaiable during the contraction process, think recharge phase.

Answer 56

Ca binds to troponinn, myosin cross bridge attaches to actin, power stroke causes sarcomere contraction, actin and myosin uncouple, myosin head position to reset… is repeated in the muscle fiber during the recharge phase

Question 57

What happens in relaxation phase?

Answer 57

This occurs when Ca, ATP, ADP, or ATPase is no longer available. This can occur if neurons also stop releasing ACH. Then the Ca levels return to baseline in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and myosin and actin uncouple.

Question 58

All or nothing principle.

Answer 58

When an action potential in a motor neuron reaches the sarcolemma, the action potential will elict all the muscle fibers connected to a moto neuron or no activation of any of the muscle fibers will occur. Parital activation can not occur.

Question 59

Type of muscle action, Think concentric vs eccentric, vs iso metric and isokinetic,

Answer 59

Concentric - muscle shortening. contraction force is greater than external resistance.
Eccentric - muscle lengthens when external force is greater than muscle force.
Isometric - when a muscle generated force and attempts to contract concentrically but is unable to because resistance force is greater than that generated by the muscle. No movement or work
Isokinetic - A machine must be used, muscle movement at a constant velocity

Question 60

I

Answer 60

K