Chapter 29: The Collapse of the Old Order, 1929-1949

Question 1

What methods did Stalin use to industrialize?

Answer 1

5 Year Plans- plans introduced to industrialize the USSR rapidly

Question 2

What was collectivization in the USSR?

Answer 2

elimination of private farms, food taken to feed state, intro’d industrial life

Question 3

What were some responses to collectivization?

Answer 3

Many peasants fought back. Ukrainian kulaks: murdered, torched crops, killed livestock

“By March 1930 more than one-half of the peasantry (a larger proportion in the agriculturally rich southwestern region of the Soviet Union) had been forced to join collective farms.

But the peasants objected violently to abandoning their private farms. In many cases, before joining the kolkhozy they slaughtered their livestock and destroyed their equipment. The losses, as well as the animosity toward the Soviet regime, became so great that Stalin decided to slow down the collectivization process.” https://www.britannica.com/money/collectivization

Question 4

What was Stalin’s response to the peasants fighting back against collectivization?

Answer 4

No tolerance- Forced famine, ban on trading, loaning $, killed enemies of the revolution

Question 5

Who were the kulaks?

Answer 5

Better-off peasants in the USSR

Question 6

What happened to Stalin’s 5 Year Plan when the Nazis took Germany?

Answer 6

He changed it to emphasize heavy industry to produce metals and machines

Question 7

Who did Stalin execute?

Answer 7

top generals, head of NKVD, millions= sentenced without trials

“NKVD, Soviet secret police agency, a forerunner of the KGB” https://www.britannica.com/topic/NKVD

Question 8

What happened during the Depression?

Answer 8

Consumers lowered purchases and businesses cut production, workers were laid off

Question 9

What was the Smoot-Hawley tariff and what did it cause?

Answer 9

the highest import duty in US history, other countries increased tariffs as a result, which decreased world trade

Question 10

How did the Depression spread to Europe?

Answer 10

NY banks called in loans to Germany and Austria (Dawes Plan), who stopped paying reparations to France and Britain, so F and B couldn’t repay their war loans to the US

Question 11

Who did France and Britain make purchase their products?

Answer 11

Their colonies had to purchase them, rather than those of other countries

Question 12

Why did nationalist leaders rise?

Answer 12

The Depression caused widespread suffering, Communism/ Russian Revolution frightened property owners

Question 13

What places boomed while the rest of the world suffered in the Depression?

Answer 13

S. Africa- as other prices lowered, gold became more valuable, but it only benefitted a small # of mine owners
USSR- cut off from world trade

Question 14

Who was Benito Mussolini and what did he do?

Answer 14

became leader of the Fascist Party, threatened to march on Rome if not appointed Prime Minister, gov gave in and he put Fascist party members in all gov jobs

“March on Rome, the insurrection by which Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy in late October 1922. The March marked the beginning of fascist rule and meant the doom of the preceding parliamentary regimes of socialists and liberals.” https://www.britannica.com/event/March-on-Rome

Question 15

Why did Hitler hate Jews?

Answer 15

He scapegoated them for actions of the banking/financial sector that he felt lead to Germany’s defeat in World War I; with that as a catalyst, he fed into many long-standing prejudicial stereotypes developed to harm and subjugate them throughout much of Western history.

Question 16

What were Hitler’s goals?

Answer 16

• repeal Treaty of Versailles
• annex all German- speaking territories
• conquer room to live @ expense of Poland and USSR
• eliminate Jews

Question 17

What was Hitler’s main goal for Germany?

Answer 17

conquest- built up armed forces, withdrew from LoN, intro’d conscription and military

Question 18

What happened at the Munich Conference?

Answer 18

September 30, 1938: France, Britain, and Italy gave Hitler Sudetenland without consent of Czechoslovakia in return for promise that he would cease expansionist activities - appeasement

Question 19

Why did conservatives fear Stalin but not Hitler?

Answer 19

Hitler claimed to respect Christianity and private property

Question 20

What caused appeasement?

Answer 20

• fear of war among ppl who lived through WWi
• fear of Communism
• novelty of fascist tactics- assumed political leaders were honorable and their agreements were valid

Question 21

Who were the Axis powers?

Answer 21

Germany, Italy, and Japan

Question 22

Who were the Allies?

Answer 22

Britain, France, USSR, China, US

Question 23

Why did Japan want to expand?

Answer 23

They were dependent on foreign trade and saw the conquest of China as the solution

Question 24

What was Mao Zedong’s goal?

Answer 24

complete social revolution from the bottom- up

Question 25

What was the Long March?

Answer 25

The trek of the Communists to Shaanxi

“Long March, (1934–35), the 6,000-mile (10,000-km) historic trek of the Chinese communists, which resulted in the relocation of the communist revolutionary base from southeastern to northwestern China and in the emergence of Mao Zedong as the undisputed party leader. Fighting Nationalist forces under Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) throughout their journey, the communist troops crossed 18 mountain ranges and 24 rivers to reach the northwestern province of Shaanxi. The heroism attributed to the Long March inspired many young Chinese to join the Chinese Communist Party during the late 1930s and early 1940s.” https://www.britannica.com/event/Long-March

Question 26

What was the Second Sino-Japanese War?

Answer 26

China v. Japan, Chinese gov escaped and built up army to prepare for war vs. Commies

“Second Sino-Japanese War, (1937–45), conflict that broke out when China began a full-scale resistance to the expansion of Japanese influence in its territory (which had begun in 1931). The war, which remained undeclared until December 9, 1941, may be divided into three phases: a period of rapid Japanese advance until the end of 1938, a period of virtual stalemate until 1944, and the final period when Allied counterattacks, principally in the Pacific and on Japan’s home islands, brought about Japan’s surrender.” https://www.britannica.com/event/Second-Sino-Japanese-War

Question 27

How was WWII different from WWI?

Answer 27

• fought around the world
• killed more people
• used motorized weapons- advantage to offensive
• fewer trenches

Question 28

What was blitzkrieg?

Answer 28

fighter planes scattered enemy troops, disrupted communications, etc.

“blitzkrieg, military tactic calculated to create psychological shock and resultant disorganization in enemy forces through the employment of surprise, speed, and superiority in matériel or firepower. Blitzkrieg is most commonly associated with Nazi Germany during World War II even though numerous combatants used its techniques in that war. Its origins, however, can be traced to the 19th century, and elements of blitzkrieg have been used in present-day conflicts.” https://www.britannica.com/topic/blitzkrieg

Question 29

What were Japan’s alternatives after the US and Britain stopped shipments they needed?

Answer 29

1. accept shame of giving up conquests
2. face economic ruin
3. widen war {!!!}

Question 30

What did the Japanese claim to be doing when they bombed Pearl Harbor?

Answer 30

Liberating inhabitants from European colonialism, but began to confiscate food and raw materials, demand heavy labor

Question 31

The US gave weapons and aid to Guomindang while urging for what?

Answer 31

“national unity” with the Communists

Question 32

Why did the Guomindang lose popular support?

Answer 32

• They acted like an occupation force: taxed liberated people heavier than Japan, looted businesses, etc.
• To pay bills- printed $ so fast it lost all value

Question 33

What was the stance of the US in WWI and II?

Answer 33

Isolationism- didn’t enter until provoked
I- Americans killed on British boat, the Lusitania, by German sub
II- Japan bombed Pearl Harbor

Question 34

How did the type of warfare differ between WWI and II?

Answer 34

• I- trench warfare (Western Front)
• II- motorized weapons (aircraft, tank development, etc.)

Question 35

Why was there no clear distinction between the “front” and “home front” in WWII?

Answer 35

Air power carried war into homes

Question 36

Who was targeted in WWII moreso than in WWI?

Answer 36

economies and civilians

Question 37

What was WWII caused by?

Answer 37

• Treaty of Versailles failed to keep peace
• League of Nations failed to contain nationalism
• Depression / collapse of global economy
• Nationalsim in Germany, Italy, and Japan
• Appeasement of Germany

Question 38

What did the Treaty of Versailles do that caused the rise of Hitler?

Answer 38

Weakened Germany’s economy and bred resentment among the German population

Question 39

How did the Depression cause WWII?

Answer 39

Caused the collapse of Germany industry, directly leading to the rise of Hitler

Question 40

How did nationalism cause WWII?

Answer 40

Allowed Mussolini, Nazis to rise to power, Japanese nationalists claimed that an empire would pull them out of economic problems

Question 41

How did appeasement of Germany cause WWII?

Answer 41

Britain and France feared another war- let Germany build military

Question 42

How did Hitler come to power?

Answer 42

Depression- Nazis were supported by unemployed and property owners

Question 43

What was the Enabling Act of 1933?

Answer 43

gave Hitler absolute power for 4 years, took over as chancellor and became leader

“Enabling Act, law passed by the German Reichstag on March 23, 1933, that enabled Chancellor Adolf Hitler to assume dictatorial powers. Deputies from the Nazi Party, the German National People’s Party, and the Centre Party voted in favor of the act, which “enabled” Hitler’s government to issue decrees independently of the Reichstag and the presidency. It gave Hitler a base from which to carry out the first steps of his National Socialist revolution.” https://www.britannica.com/topic/Enabling-Act

Question 44

What were Hitler’s goals?

Answer 44

avenge humiliation of Versailles
Annex German-speaking countries
living space
master race

Question 45

What was the Atlantic Charter?

Answer 45

FDR and Churchill expressed ideals, the US was still neutral but passed the Lend-Lease Act in which they lent the British supplies

Question 46

Blitzkrieg

Answer 46

planes and tanks, take enemy by surprise quickly

Question 47

What did the German invasion of Poland cause?

Answer 47

Britain and France to declare war on Germany

Question 48

Why did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor?

Answer 48

Japan had to attack the US first to eliminate them as a rival for power in the Pacific and because they couldn’t afford a long war

Question 49

What was the Battle of Midway?

Answer 49

Japan lost 4 aircraft carriers- TURNING POINT- Japan went on offensive

Question 50

What was “island-hopping?”

Answer 50

US avoided heavily fortified Japanese island bases to capture others closer to Japan

Question 51

What was the Battle of Stalingrad?

Answer 51

Hitler wouldn’t retreat- winter set in, Hitler retreated- USSR= on offensive now

Question 52

What was D-day?

Answer 52

Allies landed in Normandy, France to open 2nd front in Europe and take back France from Germany

Question 53

What was the Manhattan Project?

Answer 53

secret US nuclear program, atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Question 54

What is “Nazi” short for?

Answer 54

German: “Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP”

English: “Nationals Socialist German Workers’ Party”