Chapter 21: Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750-1850

Question 1

What was the Seven Years War?

Answer 1

A global war fought among the great European powers and their allies from 1756-1763.

It included the French and Indian war–French v British in Americas over control of N. America, 1754-1763

-British won, forced France to surrender holdings in India

Question 2

What distinguished the colonial wars from earlier wars?

Answer 2

Enormous cost. Traditional taxes no longer covered them.

Question 3

What was the Enlightenment?

Answer 3

An intellectual movement that applied the methods and questions of the Scientific Revolution to the study of human society.

Question 4

What did John Locke say?

Answer 4

governments were created to protect life, liberty, and property, and that people had the right to rebel when the monarch violated these rights.

Question 5

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau say?

Answer 5

people are basically good, but become corrupted by society

the will of the people is sacred, and the legitimacy of the monarch depends on the consent of the governed

Question 6

What did Locke and Rousseau both believe?

Answer 6

Government rested on the will of the people.

Question 7

Did European monarchs embrace reform proposals?

Answer 7

Only when they served royal interests. They suppressed radical ideas that promoted republicanism or attacked religion.
There were too many channels to suppress, and censorship enhanced intellectual reputations, found patronage with foreign rivals

Question 8

How did women contribute to the Revolution?

Answer 8

Hosted salons- intellectual discussions

Question 9

What did Benjamin Franklin do?

Answer 9

Ran away to Philadelphia- printer and publisher, Poor Richard’s Almanac
Served as Pennsylvania delegate to Congress

Question 10

What happened with folk cultures?

Answer 10

They felt threatened by Enlightenment reformers- banning and altering of harvest festivals, religious holidays, county fairs, etc.

Question 11

After defeating the French in 1763 the British government faced the likelihood of what? What did they try to do about this?

Answer 11

Renewed conflict and increased military expenses in N. American colonies.

They tried to contain costs by lowering the $ paid for furs and refusing to give gifts and pay rent for frontier forts to Amerindian peoples

Question 12

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

Answer 12

The British government sought to establish a western limit for settlement in the American colonies, which provoked resentment.

Question 13

What did British efforts to transfer the cost of imperial wars to colonists cause?

Answer 13

Rebellion, support for complete break with Britain rose after the Boston Massacre

Parliament tried to calm by repealing taxes and duties, granted a monopoly for importing tea to colonies, protestors dumped tea into Boston harbor

Question 14

Who were allies and potential enemies to the French and British after the Declaration of Independence was approved?

Answer 14

The Mohawk, Joseph Brant organized Britain’s strongest force along the Canadian border

Question 15

What were the Articles of Confederation?

Answer 15

The first constitution of the United States: 1-house legislature, each state had one vote, majority passed legislation, 9 were needed to declare war, impose taxes, coin or borrow $, executive power = committees

Question 16

What was the Constitutional Convention?

Answer 16

A meeting in 1787 of elected representatives of the 13 original states to rewrite the Articles of Confederation, secretly made new constitution

Question 17

What happened to slaves after the US Constitution was adopted?

Answer 17

The foreign slave trade continued for 20 years, slaves counted for 3/5 of a person in population for Congress, Electoral College

Question 18

What began the fiscal crisis in France?

Answer 18

The expenses of the War of Austrian Succession, 7 Years War, supported American Revolution

Question 19

What wouldn’t the Estates General tolerate?

Answer 19

An increase in their own taxes. This created the conditions for a political revolution.

Question 20

The members of the 3 estates met together, causing what?

Answer 20

The self-declaration of the National Assembly. All 3 estates came together and demanded radical change. The Third Estate was locked out of their meeting place, so they took an indoor tennis court and pledged to write the constitution.

Question 21

What accentuated the fiscal crisis in France before the French Revolution?

Answer 21

Bad harvests beginning in 1785- bread prices increased, leading to an economic depression and lowered demand for nonessentials.

Question 22

What did the people of Paris do when they heard that the king was getting troops in Versailles to arrest representatives?

Answer 22

They attacked the Bastille and paraded with the guards’ heads.

Question 23

What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man like compared to the Declaration of Independence?

Answer 23

It was more sweeping and guaranteed the free expression of ideas, equality before the law, and representative government.

Question 24

What happened after Louis XVI was convicted of treason?

Answer 24

The National Convention met.

Question 25

Who were Jacobins? “The Mountain?”

Answer 25

Radical republicans. The Mountain had the highest rank, and were more sympathetic to the demands of the working class.

“The Mountain (French: La Montagne) was a political group during the French Revolution. Its members, called the Montagnards (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃taɲaʁ]), sat on the highest benches in the National Convention. They were the most radical group of delegates, opposed to the Girondins faction. The term, first used during a session of the Legislative Assembly, came into general use in 1793.

The Mountain was composed mainly of members of the middle class, but represented the constituencies of Paris and allied with the Paris Commune. As such, the Mountain was sensitive to the motivations of the city and responded strongly to demands from the working poor of the city, the sans-culottes. The Mountain operated on the belief that what was best for Paris would be best for all of France, while the Girondins generally were supported by the provinces outside Paris.” (https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/The_Mountain)

Question 26

Who was Maximilien Robespierre and what did he do?

Answer 26

He was a young lawyer from the provinces, influenced by Rousseau’s ideas. He was the head of the Committee of Public Safety and took control.

Question 27

What happened during the Reign of Terror?

Answer 27

Execution, death, priests were forced to marry, a new calendar with 10-day weeks, no Christian Sunday

Question 28

Who was Napoleon Bonaparte and what did he do?

Answer 28

He was a general in the French army who seized power 2 years after the Directory lost the election of 1797. POPULAR AUTHORITARIANISM

Question 29

What did Napoleon’s system depend on?

Answer 29

The success of French arms and diplomacy.

Question 30

What were Napoleon’s military failures?

Answer 30

• Britain thwarted plans to dominate Europe.
• Invaded Portugal, Spain
• Invaded Russia but had to retreat- FAIL
• Austria and Prussia deserted, allied with England and Russia, Napoleon= forced to abdicate - FAIL

Question 31

What was the Concordat of 1801?

Answer 31

French Catholics were given the right to freely practice, recognized gov’s authority to nominate bishops and keep priests on state payroll

Question 32

What was the Civil Code of 1804?

Answer 32

Rewriting of law- equality in law and protection of property, but discrimination v. women increased

Question 33

What were conditions like in Saint Domingue?

Answer 33

A brutal slave regime- harsh punishments and poor working conditions, high mortality and low fertility rates

Question 34

Who sent representatives to Paris after the calling of the Estates General?

Answer 34

White planters and gens de couleur (free mixed-race population, focused on ending racial discrimination and achieving political equality)- didn’t seek freedom for slaves because they were slave owners

Question 35

The whites and gens de couleur were engaged in warfare in Saint-Domingue, which led to a slave rebellion. Who did rebel slaves gain the upper hand under?

Answer 35

Francois Domingue Toussaint L’ Overture, a former domestic slave who created a military force and freed slaves in Saint-Domingue

Question 36

What was the Congress of Vienna?

Answer 36

A meeting of representatives of Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia in 1814-1815. Their objective was to roll back the clock on France.

Question 37

What did the Congress of Vienna do?

Answer 37

Reestablished the monarchy and recognized 1792 borders.

Question 38

What happened to Greece as popular support for national self-determination and democratic reform increased?

Answer 38

Greek patriots launched an independence movement in 1821 after being under Ottoman control since the 15th century. Russia, France, and Great Britain forced the Ottoman Empire to recognize Greek independence in 1830.

Question 39

What were the Revolutions of 1848?

Answer 39

Members of the middle and working class united to overthrow the regime of Louis Philippe and create the 2nd French Republic, began in Paris.

Question 40

What did the Revolutions of 1848 achieve?

Answer 40

Adult men got the right to vote, slavery was abolished in French colonies, the death penalty ended, and there was a 10 hour work day for Paris.

Question 41

Who was elected in 1848 to establish order?

Answer 41

Louis Napoleon. He overturned the constitution and became Emperor Napoleon III.