Chapter 29: Additional Medical Conditions

Question 0

Define malaise and coryza

Answer 0

malaise: discomfort and uneasiness caused by an illness
coryza: profuse nasal discharge

Question 1

How does the common cold spread? How long does it last?

Answer 1

aka rhinovirus

an upper respiratory infection transmitted by either direct or indirect contact. will last for five to ten days regardless of treatment

begins with a scratchy or sore throat, watery discharge or stopped-up nose, and sneezing

Question 2

With chicken pox, where do the lesions usually occur?

Answer 2

aka varicella

highly contagious viral disease, caused by the varicella-zoster virus - also causes herpes zoster or shingles - children are vaccinated between 12 and 18 months. most likely to occur under after 15. avg incubation time is 13-17 days. they are contagious for approx 11 days, beginning 5 days before the first signs of a rash appearing

begins with a slight elevation, followed by an eruption of a rash. begins on the back and chest - relatively few appear on the extremities.

Question 3

What are the 4 main symptoms of influenza?

Answer 3

fever, cough, headache, malaise

also an inflamed respiratory mucous membrane. incubation period of 48 hours and will come on suddenly. accompanied by chills and a fever

Question 4

Is pneumonia viral, bacterial, or fungal? What are the symptoms?

Answer 4

an infection of the alveoli and bronchioles that may be caused by viral, bacterial or fungal microorganisms.

bacteria: rapid onset - high fever with chills, pain on inspiration, decreased breath sounds and rhonchi on auscultation, and coughing up purulent, yellowish sputum. bacterial subsides with days, by viral can last for a few weeks.
viral: low-grade fever, muscle aches, and fatigue with cough and small amount of mucus.
fungus: few if any symptoms

Question 5

Mononucleosis is caused by what virus? What organ is at risk? What is its nickname?

Answer 5

an acute viral disease that is caused the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), which is a member of the herpes group. can produce severe fatigue and raise the risk of splenic rupture. incubation is 4-6 weeks.

aka kissing disease

Question 6

What are the S/S for rubeola (measles), mumps, and rubella?

Answer 6

rubella (german measles): highly contagious viral disease - slight temperature elevation, sore throat, drowsiness, swollen lymph nodes, and the appearance of red spots on the palate
rubeola (measles): highly contagious as well - sneezing, nasal congestion, coughing, malaise, photophobia, spots in the mouth, conjunctivitis, and fever (once it reaches 104 a rash will appear first in face as small red spots that increase in size and spread to trunk)
parotitis (mumps): contagious viral disease from inflammation of parotid and other salivary gland - malaise, headache, chills, and a moderate fever, pain in neck below and in front of the ear, lots of swelling.

Question 7

What is sinusitis and how is it treated?

Answer 7

inflammation of a paranasal sinuses, can stem from an upper respiratory infection. the pressure occurring from an accumulation of mucus, produces pain.

antibiotics may by antibiotics. steam inhalation and other nasal topical sprays containing oxymetazalone can produce vasoconstriction and drainage

Question 8

What is pharyngitis? What bacteria commonly causes it? What is laryngitis?

Answer 8

pharyngitis: aka sore throat - acute inflammation, 95% are caused by a streptococcal infection. characterized by pain on swallowing, fever, inflamed and swollen lymph glands, swollen tonsils, malaise, and weakness
laryngitis: swelling and irritation of the voice box

Question 9

Where do you observe for tonsillitis?

Answer 9

in the tonsils

they will appear inflamed, red, and swollen, with a yellowish exudate in the pits. difficulty swallowing and may have a relatively high fever with chills. headache and pain in the neck and back

Question 10

What is allergic rhinitis/hay fever? What produces the symptoms? What medicine combats it?

Answer 10

hay fever aka pollinosis: an acute seasonal allergic condition that results from airborne pollens, dust, dander and mold. reaction to pollen from trees, grass, and weed. in the fall, ragweed is the main culprit. face begins to itch followed by watering eye, sneezing, and clear watery nasal discharge.

oral antihistamines will help.

Question 11

What are the main symptoms of bronchitis?

Answer 11

def: an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchial tubes. more likely in an acute form. usually occurs as an infectious winter disease that follows a common cold or other viral infection of the nasopharynx, throat, or tracheobronchial tree.

S/S: starts with an upper respiratory infection, nasal inflammation and profuse discharge, slight fever, sore throat, and back/muscle pains. cough is dry at first then there is a clear mucous that will become yellow. fever will last 3-5 days, cough will last 2-3 weeks longer.

Question 12

How do you treat an asthma attack? How can you prevent attacks?

Answer 12

management: inhaler, relax and reassure, drink water, control breathing
prevention: regular exercise with gradual warm up and cool down, swimming, wearing a mask in cold, dry air, slow nasal breathing. inhaler

Question 13

What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

Answer 13

def: genetic disorder that can affect many different body systems. can manifest as a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. begins in infancy and is a major cause of severe chronic lung disease in children. max life expectancy is 30 years.
symptoms: bronchitis, pneumonia, respiratory failure, gallbladder disease, pancreatitis, diabetes, and nutritional deficiencies.

Question 14

At what age does meningitis usually occur? How does someone get it? Symptoms?

Answer 14

def: an inflammation of the meninges, or membranes, that surround the spinal cord and brain. viral, or aseptic, is the most common type and is caused by a virus. serious by rarely fatal, lass for 7-10 days. bacterial can result in death, they enter the CNS and inflammation of the brain can occur. it happens to individuals of all ages but especially college-aged student living in clustered dorms. when it happens in children it will happen between the ages of 3 months to 2 years.
symptoms: high fever, stiff neck, intense headache, sensitivity to light and sound this progresses to vomiting, convulsions, and coma

Question 15

What is reflex systematic dystrophy? Symptoms?

Answer 15

def: an abnormal and excessive response of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system that occurs following injury. seen in hand and foot due to immobilization.

s/s: hypersensitivity to touch, redness, swelling, burning/aching pain, swelling with palpable tightness and shining of the skin, and atrophy. may persist for months and even years. depression may occur too.

Question 16

What is hemolysis?

Answer 16

destruction of RBC

Question 17

What is anemia? What is runner’s anemia?

Answer 17

iron deficient: most common - erythrocytes are too small, hemoglobin is decreased and ferritin concentration is too low.
runner’s: impact of the foot as it strikes the surface destroys normal erythrocytes within the vascular system.

Question 18

Where is iron mainly stored in the body?

Answer 18

hemoglobin (64%) and bone marrow (27%)

Question 19

How is the sickle-cell trait passed on genetically? What is sickle-cell? What is their shape? Why can they produce severe anemia?

Answer 19

highest prevalence in african americans, native americas, and mediterranean populations. if both parents carry the defective gene that then child will have it, if only one parent has it they will have the trait.

def: a sickle- or crescent- shaped red cell with an abnormal type of hemoglobin. adaptation to malaria?

instead of living 120 days, sickle cells only life 15-25 days. this short life can produce severe anemia

Question 20

What is hemophiliac?

Answer 20

def: person with hemophilia - a hereditary disease characterized by a deficiency in an one of a number of clotting factors in the blood - prolonged coagulation time, failure of the blood to clot, and abnormal bleeding

Question 21

What are the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 21

type 1: insulin-dependent - found in individuals under 35 and represents 5-10% of cases
type 2: non-insulin dependent - most common with obesity and occurs in all age groups and represents 80% of cases

Question 22

What 2 organs play a big role in regulating blood glucose?

Answer 22

liver and pancreas

Question 23

What is the difference between diabetic coma and insulin shock?

Answer 23

coma: loss of sodium, potassium, and ketone bodies through excessive urination produces ketoacidosis - labored breathing, fruity-smelling breath, NV, thirst, dry mucous membrane of the mouth, flushed skin, mental confusion
shock: too much insulin and too little blood sugar which results in hypoglycemia - tingling in mouth and hands, physical weakness, headache, ab pain, rapid heartbeat, tremors, drowsiness.

Question 24

What is epilepsy?

Answer 24

def: recurrent paroxysmal disorder characterized by sudden attacks of altered consciousness, motor activity, sensory phenomena or inappropriate behavior.

Question 25

What are classified as normal BP, prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension?

Answer 25

in mm/Hg

normal: 120-/80-
prehypertension: 120-139/80-89
stage 1: 140-159/90-99
stage 2: 160+/100+

Question 26

What is the difference between benign and malignant?

Answer 26

benign: of no danger to health
malignant: dangerous to health; cells invade and destroy nearby tissue and potentially spread to other parts of the body

Question 27

What are some warning signs of cancer?

Answer 27

a change in bowel/bladder habits, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere, indigestion or difficulty swallowing, obvious change in a wart or mole, a nagging cough or hoarseness.

Question 28

What are the signs and symptoms for Chlamydia in the male and the female?

Answer 28

most common STI in the US

male: inflammation occurs along with purulent discharge, 7-28 days after intercourse. painful urination with traces of blood
female: often asymptomatic or vaginal discharge, painful urination, pelvic pain, and pain/inflammation around the area. can cause infertility and ectopic pregnancy.

bacterial - CURE

Question 29

What is scanty?

Answer 29

associated with genital candidiasis

vaginal discharge

Question 30

What is Candida?

Answer 30

aka genital candidiasis - male is asymptomatic, female has redness, severe pain, and scanty

candida: a genus of yeastlike fungi commonly in the normal flora of the mouth, skin, IT, and vagina

Question 31

Gonorrhea symptoms are worse in which gender?

Answer 31

venereal disease - CURE with penicillin or other antibiotics

worse in men because females are mostly asymptomatic.

Question 32

What are the 4 stages of syphilis?

Answer 32

primary: highly contagious - painless chancre or ulceration develops and heals within 8 weeks.
secondary: within 12 weeks - skin rash, lymph swelling, body aches, and milid flulike symptoms, hair may fall out
latent: no or few symptoms - if untreated next stage develops
late/tertiary: deep penetration of spirochetes that damage skin, bone, and cardio/nervous system. can develop 3-10 years after infection - severe muscle weakness, paralysis, and other mental disorders

incubation is 3-4 weeks, but up to 13 weeks

Question 33

What is menarche?

Answer 33

def: onset of menses - between ages 9-17 with most between 13-15. can be delayed with strenuous training and competition.

Question 34

What are the 2 phases of menstruation?

Answer 34

1. follicular phase
2. luteal phase

each is 14 days long

Question 35

Define amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and oligomenorrhea

Answer 35

amenorrhea: absence or suppression of menstruation
dysmenorrhea: painful menstruation
oligomenorrhea: irregular menstruation

Question 36

What effect should pregnancy have on the competitive athlete?

Answer 36

mild to moderate should not harm the fetal growth. extreme may lower birth weight. just be smart about it, exercise is okay and often recommended

Question 37

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 37

fertilized egg is implanted outside the uterine cavity because of inflammation of the Fallopian tubes or a mechanical blockage

Question 76

What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

Answer 76

hereditary disease in which there is degeneration of skeletal muscle with associated loss in strength. muscle tissue is gradually replaced by adipose and fibrous connective tissue - onset is between age 2-10. this cannot be cured, but consistent exercise will retard it.

Question 77

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

Answer 77

an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that causes deterioration and permanent damage to the myelin sheath that surrounds each nerve cell axon. affects individuals between the ages of 20-40. currently no cure.

Question 78

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?

Answer 78

aka Lou Gehrig’s disease

sclerosis of the lateral regions of the spinal cord along with degeneration of motor neurons and significant atrophy of muscles

Question 79

What is thrombi? Embolus?

Answer 79

thrombi: blood clots that block small blood vessels or a cavity of the heart
embolus: a mass of undissolved matter

Question 80

What is Graves’ Disease?

Answer 80

a form of hyperthyroidism that, leads to weakness, tremors, difficulty swallowing and speaking

Question 81

What are the symptoms of genital herpes?

Answer 81

male: itching and soreness
females: asymptomatic

veneral infection - NO CURE

Question 82

What are symptoms of trichomoniasis?

Answer 82

female: vaginal discharge that is greenish yellow and frothy - irritation of the vulva, perineum, and thighs, pain with urination
male: asymptomatic - some may get a frothy, purulent urethral discharge

CURABLE with metronidazole