Chapter 13: Off the FIeld Injury Evaluation Flashcards
What are the anatomical directions?
anterior: in front of
posterior: in back of
superior: above
inferior: below
proximal: closer to
distal: farther away
medial: toward middle
lateral: away from the middle
What are the three most common planes?
sagittal: divides body left to right
transverse: divides body top to bottom
coronal (frontal): divides body front to back
What is etiology? mechanism? pathology? symptom? sign? prognosis? diagnosis? sequela?
etiology: cause of disease
mechanism: mechanical description of cause
pathology: structural and functional changes that result from injury
symptom: change that indicated injury or disease
sign: indicator of a disease
prognosis: predicted outcome of an injury
diagnosis: name of a specific conditio
sequela: condition resulting from disease or injury
What is a syndrome?
def: group of symptoms that indicate a condition or disease
What is HOPS? What is SOAP?
HOPS: history, observation, palpation, and special tests
SOAP: subject, objective, assessment, and plan
When obtaining a history, how should the athletic trainer communicate with the athlete? What information should be obtained?
be calm and reassuring, open-ended questions, listen carefully, maintain eye contact, record exactly what is said without interpretation, obtain it ASAP
MAPPS: MOI, acute/chronic, pain, previous history, signs/symptoms
What are some specific things to look for during observation?
deformity, how patient moves, limp, anything abnormal, inability to move, stiffness, facial expression, body asymmetries, swollen, atrophy, unnatural protrusions, lumps, postural malialignment, crepitus, inflamed, heat, redness
Where should palpation begin?
light pressure to harder pressure
away from site to the site
Movement assessment should begin with what: active, passive, or resistive ROM?
active to passive to resistive
active: motion that occurs because of muscle contraction
passive: performed completely by examiner
What are you looking for with passive ROM?
what the endpoint feels like or the sensation of the patient at the end of the ROM
What is the MMT grading scale?
0-5
0: no evidence of muscle contractility (zero, 0%)
1: evidence of slight contractility with no joint motion (trace, 10%)
2: complete ROM with gravity omitted (poor, 25%)
3: complete ROM against gravity with no resistance (fair, 50%)
4: complete ROM against gravity with some resistance (good, 75%)
5: complete ROM against gravity with full resistance (normal, 100%)
What are normal ROMs for the shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, and foot?
shoulder: flexion (180), extension (50), add (40), abd (180), IR (90), ER (90)
elbow: flexion (145)
forearm: pronation (80), supination (85)
wrist: flexion (80), extension (70), abd (20), add (45)
hip: flexion (125), extension (10), abd (45), add (40), IR (45), ER (45)
knee: flexion (140)
ankle: plantar flexion (45), dorsiflexion (20)
foot: inversion (40), eversion (20)
What 6 things are included in a neurological examination?
cerebral function, cranial nerve function, cerebellar function, sensory testing, reflex testing, projected or referred pain, and motor testing
What are the 12 cranial nerves: #, name, function, sensory or motor?
- olfactory - smell
- optic - vision
- oculomotor - eye movement, opening of eyelid, pupil constriction
- trochlear - lateral and inferior eye movement
- trigeminal - face sensation, mastication
- abducens - lateral eye movement
- facial - facial expression, taste
- vestibulocochlear - balance and hearing
- glossopharyngeal - swallowing, gag reflex, sensation of tongue/ear
- vagus - speech
- accessory - shoulder shrug - sternocleidomastoid muscle
- hypoglossal - tongue movenemt
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What is the reflex grading scale?
0-4
0: absence - areflexia
1: diminished - hyporeflexia
2: average
3: exaggerated - hyperreflexia
4: markedly hyperactive - often associated with clonus