Chapter 27: Urinary System Flashcards
What are the functions of the urinary system?
- Removal of waste products from the bloodstream
- Production, storage, and excretion of urine
- Blood volume regulation
- Regulation of erythrocyte production
What structures make up the urinary system
- Kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
Which urinary organ is responsible for filtering blood and processing filtrate into tubular fluid, then urine
kidneys
Which urinary organ is responsible for transporting urine from kidney to urinary bladder via peristalsis
Ureters
Which urinary organ is the reservoir for urine until micturition occurs
bladder
Which urinary organ transports urine from urinary bladder to outside of the body
Urethra
The kidney is divided into an outer ____ ______ and an inner _____ _____
renal cortex; renal medulla
Extensions of the renal cortex is called ________ _______, which project into the renal medulla and subdivide the medulla into ______ ________
renal columns; renal pyramids
Blood enters kidneys by the:
renal arteries
Renal arteries branch into:
segmental arteries
Segmental arteries branch into:
interlobar arteries
Interlobar arteries branch into:
arcuate arteries
Arcuate arteries branch into:
interlobular arteries
efferent arterioles branch into one of two capillary networks which are:
Pertibular capillaries
or
Vasa recta
Pertibular capillaries surround:
while Vasa recta surrounds:
Convoluted tubules; nephron loop
The smallest veins of kindey are:
interlobular veins
Interlobular veins merge to form:
arcuate veins
Pertibular capillaries & casa recta drain into a network of veins:
arcuate veins merge to form the:
interlobar veins
Pertibular capillaries & casa recta drain into a network of veins:
Interlobar veins merge in the renal sinus to form the
renal vein
What is a nephron?
the functional filtration unit of the kidney
Nephrons form urine through three interrelated processes:
- FIltration
- Tubular reabsorption
- tubular sercretion
The final product of the nephrons processes is
urine
List the two types of Nephrons:
- Cortical nephrons
- Juxtamedullary nephrons
Which type of nephron makes up about 85% of all nephrons?
Cortical nephrons
Which type of nephron has the bulk of itself reside in the kidney cortex
Cortical nephrons
which type of nephron has only a small amount of its structure in the kidney medulla
cortical nephrons
Which type of nephron has their renal corpuscle that lies near the corticomedullary junction
juxtamedullary nephrons
Which type of nephron has their long nephron loops extend deep into the medulla
juxtamedullary nephrons
What is a nephron comprised of (5 parts):
- Renal corpuscle
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- nephron loop
- Distal convoluted tubule
- collecting duct
What is the renal corpuscle composed of:
- glomerular capsule
- glomerulus
The renal corpuscle has two poles which are:
- vascular pole
- tubular pole
The vascular pole of corpuscle is where (afferent/efferent) arteriole enters and (afferent/efferent) arteriole exits
afferent; efferent
The _____ ______ is where the proximal convoluted tubule exits
tubular pole
The wide base of the renal pyramid makes contact with the cortex in a region called the:
corticomedullary junction
The Glomerular Capsule is comprised of two layers:
- Visceral Layer
- Parietal Layer
Located between the two layer of the glomerular capsule is
capsular space
Which layer in the glomerular capsule directly overlies and comes in contact with the glomerulus
Visceral Layer
Which layer in the glomerular capsule is comprised of specialized cells called podocytes?
Visceral Layer
Which layer in the glomerular capsule is formed from a simple squamous epithelium and adheres to the capsule?
Parietal Layer
Podocytes have long processes called _____ that wrap around the glomerular capillaries but do not completely ensheathe it.
pedicels
pedicels are separated from each other by then spaces called:
filtration slits
What makes up the filtration membrane in Podocytes?
filtration slits and fenestrated capillary
Where does the proximal convoluted tubule begin?
tubular pole of renal corpuscle
What are the walls of PCT comprised of
simple cuboidal epithelium with tall microvili
What happens in the PCT?
cells reabsorb water & almost all nutrients leaked through the filtration membrane, enter the peritubular capillaries and, returned to the general circulation in the vascular system
The nephron loop projects into the:
medulla
What are the two limbs of the nephron loop?
- Ascending limb
- Descending limb
Which limb of the nephron loop extends from the cortex into the medulla
descending limb
which limb of the nephron loop returns from the medulla into the cortex
What does the nephron loop do?
facilitates reabsorption of water and solutes
Where is the distal convoluted tube (DCT) found
renal cortex
What does the DCT do?
secretes K+ and H+ from peritubular capillaries into tubular fluid
The DCT delivers to:
collecting ducts
Collecting ducts merge to form:
papillary ducts
Papillary ducts open at the end of _____ ____, depositing ____ into a _____ _____
renal papilla; urine, minor calyx
Name this nephron part:
Capillary ball or tuft covered by podocytes and surrounded by an epithelial tissue; capsular space is between the two layers of capsule
Renal corpuscle
Name this nephron part:
Tubule lined with simple cuboidal epithelium; has a prominent brush border (microvilli); cytoplasm tends to stain more brightly
Proximal convoluted tubule
Name this nephron part:
Tubule that forms a loop; has a thick and thin ascending and descending portions; most distal part of the loop often extends into the medulla.
Thick limbs are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium
Thin limbs are lined with simple squamous epithelium
Nephron Loop
Name this nephron part:
Tubule lined with simple cuboidal epithelium with only a sparse brush border; cytoplasm of cell tends to be pale
Distal Convoluted Tubule
____________ _______ is important in regulation of blood pressure
juxtaglomerular apparatus
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus comprised of?
- juxtaglomerular cells
- macula densa
which component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole
juxtaglomerular cells
which component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is a group of modified epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule
macula densa
List the components of the urinary tract
- Ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
Which component of the urinary tract are fibromuscular tubes that conduct urine from kidney to urinary bladder
Ureters
Which component of the urinary tract originates at the renal pelvis as it exits the hilum of the kidney then enters the posterolateral wall of the base of the urinary bladder
ureters
What are the three layers of the ureters?
- Mucosa
- Muscularis
- Adventitia
What is the main function of the urinary bladder?
to hold urine
where is the urinary bladder located
immediately posterior to pubic symphysis
In females, the urinary bladder lies anteroinferior to the _______ and directly anterior to the ______
uterus; vagina
In males, the urinary bladder lies anterior to the ________ and superior to the ______ ____
rectum; prostate gland
What part of the urinary bladder is defined by the two ureteral opening and the urethral opening?
Trigone
Name the four tunics that form the wall of the urinary bladder
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis
- Adventitiia
Which tunic of the urinary bladder is comprised of transitional epithelium that lines the internal surface of the bladder
Mucosa
Which tunic of the urinary bladder supports the urinary bladder wall
submucosa
Which tunic of the urinary bladder has three layers of smooth muscle called detrusor muscle
Muscularis
The three layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis is called:
detrusor muscle
which tunic of the urinary bladder consists of an outer layer of areolar CT
adventitia
A fibromuscular tube that originates at the neck of the urinary bladder and conducts urine to the exterior of the body is called a:
urethra
What two sphincters control the release of urine from the urinary bladder into the urethra?
- internal urethral sphincter
- external urethral sphincter
What is the internal urethral sphincter comprised of?
involuntary, thickened detrusor muscle
What is the external urethral sphincter comprised of?
voluntary, skeletal muscle
Female urethra function?
transporting urine to the exterior of the body
How many segments make up the female urethra? and what type of cells would you find there
one; stratified squamous epithelium
Male urethra function?
- Transports urine and semen (urinary and reproductive )
How many segments make up the male urethra and name them
Three;
- prostatic urethra
- membranous urethra
- spongy urethra
Type of cells found in prostatic urethra
transitional epithelium
Type of cells found in membranous urethra
stratified columnar epithelium
Type of cells found in spongy urethra
pseudostratified columnar epithelium & stratified squamous
The end of the male urethra is referred to as:
external urethral orifice
