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ANATOMY LECTURE > Chapter 27: Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 27: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • Removal of waste products from the bloodstream
  • Production, storage, and excretion of urine
  • Blood volume regulation
  • Regulation of erythrocyte production
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2
Q

What structures make up the urinary system

A
  • Kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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3
Q

Which urinary organ is responsible for filtering blood and processing filtrate into tubular fluid, then urine

A

kidneys

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4
Q

Which urinary organ is responsible for transporting urine from kidney to urinary bladder via peristalsis

A

Ureters

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5
Q

Which urinary organ is the reservoir for urine until micturition occurs

A

bladder

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6
Q

Which urinary organ transports urine from urinary bladder to outside of the body

A

Urethra

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7
Q

The kidney is divided into an outer ____ ______ and an inner _____ _____

A

renal cortex; renal medulla

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8
Q

Extensions of the renal cortex is called ________ _______, which project into the renal medulla and subdivide the medulla into ______ ________

A

renal columns; renal pyramids

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9
Q

Blood enters kidneys by the:

A

renal arteries

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10
Q

Renal arteries branch into:

A

segmental arteries

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11
Q

Segmental arteries branch into:

A

interlobar arteries

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12
Q

Interlobar arteries branch into:

A

arcuate arteries

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13
Q

Arcuate arteries branch into:

A

interlobular arteries

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14
Q

efferent arterioles branch into one of two capillary networks which are:

A

Pertibular capillaries

or

Vasa recta

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15
Q

Pertibular capillaries surround:

while Vasa recta surrounds:

A

Convoluted tubules; nephron loop

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16
Q

The smallest veins of kindey are:

A

interlobular veins

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17
Q

Interlobular veins merge to form:

A

arcuate veins

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18
Q

Pertibular capillaries & casa recta drain into a network of veins:

arcuate veins merge to form the:

A

interlobar veins

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19
Q

Pertibular capillaries & casa recta drain into a network of veins:

Interlobar veins merge in the renal sinus to form the

A

renal vein

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20
Q

What is a nephron?

A

the functional filtration unit of the kidney

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21
Q

Nephrons form urine through three interrelated processes:

A
  • FIltration
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • tubular sercretion
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22
Q

The final product of the nephrons processes is

A

urine

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23
Q

List the two types of Nephrons:

A
  1. Cortical nephrons
  2. Juxtamedullary nephrons
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24
Q

Which type of nephron makes up about 85% of all nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons

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25
Q

Which type of nephron has the bulk of itself reside in the kidney cortex

A

Cortical nephrons

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26
Q

which type of nephron has only a small amount of its structure in the kidney medulla

A

cortical nephrons

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27
Q

Which type of nephron has their renal corpuscle that lies near the corticomedullary junction

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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28
Q

Which type of nephron has their long nephron loops extend deep into the medulla

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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29
Q

What is a nephron comprised of (5 parts):

A
  1. Renal corpuscle
  2. Proximal convoluted tubule
  3. nephron loop
  4. Distal convoluted tubule
  5. collecting duct
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30
Q

What is the renal corpuscle composed of:

A
  1. glomerular capsule
  2. glomerulus
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31
Q

The renal corpuscle has two poles which are:

A
  • vascular pole
  • tubular pole
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32
Q

The vascular pole of corpuscle is where (afferent/efferent) arteriole enters and (afferent/efferent) arteriole exits

A

afferent; efferent

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33
Q

The _____ ______ is where the proximal convoluted tubule exits

A

tubular pole

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34
Q

The wide base of the renal pyramid makes contact with the cortex in a region called the:

A

corticomedullary junction

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35
Q

The Glomerular Capsule is comprised of two layers:

A
  1. Visceral Layer
  2. Parietal Layer
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36
Q

Located between the two layer of the glomerular capsule is

A

capsular space

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37
Q

Which layer in the glomerular capsule directly overlies and comes in contact with the glomerulus

A

Visceral Layer

38
Q

Which layer in the glomerular capsule is comprised of specialized cells called podocytes?

A

Visceral Layer

39
Q

Which layer in the glomerular capsule is formed from a simple squamous epithelium and adheres to the capsule?

A

Parietal Layer

40
Q

Podocytes have long processes called _____ that wrap around the glomerular capillaries but do not completely ensheathe it.

A

pedicels

41
Q

pedicels are separated from each other by then spaces called:

A

filtration slits

42
Q

What makes up the filtration membrane in Podocytes?

A

filtration slits and fenestrated capillary

43
Q

Where does the proximal convoluted tubule begin?

A

tubular pole of renal corpuscle

44
Q

What are the walls of PCT comprised of

A

simple cuboidal epithelium with tall microvili

45
Q

What happens in the PCT?

A

cells reabsorb water & almost all nutrients leaked through the filtration membrane, enter the peritubular capillaries and, returned to the general circulation in the vascular system

46
Q

The nephron loop projects into the:

A

medulla

47
Q

What are the two limbs of the nephron loop?

A
  1. Ascending limb
  2. Descending limb
48
Q

Which limb of the nephron loop extends from the cortex into the medulla

A

descending limb

49
Q

which limb of the nephron loop returns from the medulla into the cortex

A
50
Q

What does the nephron loop do?

A

facilitates reabsorption of water and solutes

51
Q

Where is the distal convoluted tube (DCT) found

A

renal cortex

52
Q

What does the DCT do?

A

secretes K+ and H+ from peritubular capillaries into tubular fluid

53
Q

The DCT delivers to:

A

collecting ducts

54
Q

Collecting ducts merge to form:

A

papillary ducts

55
Q

Papillary ducts open at the end of _____ ____, depositing ____ into a _____ _____

A

renal papilla; urine, minor calyx

56
Q

Name this nephron part:

Capillary ball or tuft covered by podocytes and surrounded by an epithelial tissue; capsular space is between the two layers of capsule

A

Renal corpuscle

57
Q

Name this nephron part:

Tubule lined with simple cuboidal epithelium; has a prominent brush border (microvilli); cytoplasm tends to stain more brightly

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

58
Q

Name this nephron part:

Tubule that forms a loop; has a thick and thin ascending and descending portions; most distal part of the loop often extends into the medulla.

Thick limbs are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium

Thin limbs are lined with simple squamous epithelium

A

Nephron Loop

59
Q

Name this nephron part:

Tubule lined with simple cuboidal epithelium with only a sparse brush border; cytoplasm of cell tends to be pale

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

60
Q

____________ _______ is important in regulation of blood pressure

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

61
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus comprised of?

A
  • juxtaglomerular cells
  • macula densa
62
Q

which component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole

A

juxtaglomerular cells

63
Q

which component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is a group of modified epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule

A

macula densa

64
Q

List the components of the urinary tract

A
  • Ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
65
Q

Which component of the urinary tract are fibromuscular tubes that conduct urine from kidney to urinary bladder

A

Ureters

66
Q

Which component of the urinary tract originates at the renal pelvis as it exits the hilum of the kidney then enters the posterolateral wall of the base of the urinary bladder

A

ureters

67
Q

What are the three layers of the ureters?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis
  3. Adventitia
68
Q

What is the main function of the urinary bladder?

A

to hold urine

69
Q

where is the urinary bladder located

A

immediately posterior to pubic symphysis

70
Q

In females, the urinary bladder lies anteroinferior to the _______ and directly anterior to the ______

A

uterus; vagina

71
Q

In males, the urinary bladder lies anterior to the ________ and superior to the ______ ____

A

rectum; prostate gland

72
Q

What part of the urinary bladder is defined by the two ureteral opening and the urethral opening?

A

Trigone

73
Q

Name the four tunics that form the wall of the urinary bladder

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Adventitiia
74
Q

Which tunic of the urinary bladder is comprised of transitional epithelium that lines the internal surface of the bladder

A

Mucosa

75
Q

Which tunic of the urinary bladder supports the urinary bladder wall

A

submucosa

76
Q

Which tunic of the urinary bladder has three layers of smooth muscle called detrusor muscle

A

Muscularis

77
Q

The three layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis is called:

A

detrusor muscle

78
Q

which tunic of the urinary bladder consists of an outer layer of areolar CT

A

adventitia

79
Q

A fibromuscular tube that originates at the neck of the urinary bladder and conducts urine to the exterior of the body is called a:

A

urethra

80
Q

What two sphincters control the release of urine from the urinary bladder into the urethra?

A
  1. internal urethral sphincter
  2. external urethral sphincter
81
Q

What is the internal urethral sphincter comprised of?

A

involuntary, thickened detrusor muscle

82
Q

What is the external urethral sphincter comprised of?

A

voluntary, skeletal muscle

83
Q

Female urethra function?

A

transporting urine to the exterior of the body

84
Q

How many segments make up the female urethra? and what type of cells would you find there

A

one; stratified squamous epithelium

85
Q

Male urethra function?

A
  • Transports urine and semen (urinary and reproductive )
86
Q

How many segments make up the male urethra and name them

A

Three;

  1. prostatic urethra
  2. membranous urethra
  3. spongy urethra
87
Q

Type of cells found in prostatic urethra

A

transitional epithelium

88
Q

Type of cells found in membranous urethra

A

stratified columnar epithelium

89
Q

Type of cells found in ​spongy urethra

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium & stratified squamous

90
Q

The end of the male urethra is referred to as:

A

external urethral orifice

ANATOMY LECTURE (9 decks)

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