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ANATOMY LECTURE > Chapter 22: Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 22: Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Types of blood vessels in the heart

A
  • Veins
  • Arteries
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2
Q

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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3
Q

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

A

veins

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4
Q

the arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart are called:

A

great vessels

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5
Q

Blood flow through the heart is (unidirectional/bidirectional) because of four valves within the heart

A

Unidirectional

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6
Q

The heart generates _______ ______ through alternate cycles of the heart wall’s contraction and relaxation

A

Blood pressure

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7
Q

Define Blood Pressure

A

the force of blood pushing against the inside walls of blood vessels.

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8
Q

Two types of circulations within the cardiovascular system:

A
  1. Pulmonary
  2. Systemic
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9
Q

Describe Pulmonary Circulation

A

the right side of the heart and the pulmonary arteries and veins ciculates blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart.

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10
Q

Describe Systemic Circulation

A

the left side of the heart, arteries and veins circulate blood to most body tissues and back to the right side of the heart.

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11
Q

Describe where the heart is located in the body

A

slightly left of midline, deep to the sternum, in the mediastinum

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12
Q

The heart is enclosed within a tough sac called the ____________

A

pericardium

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13
Q

restricts heart movements so that it moves only slightly within the thorax

A

Pericardium

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14
Q

Two parts of the Pericardium

A
  • Fibrous pericardium
  • Serous pericardium
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15
Q

What is fibrous pericardium

A

outer layer covering of tough, dense CT

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16
Q

Two layers of serous pericardium:

A
  1. parietal layer
  2. visceral layer (epicardium)
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17
Q

Describe the parietal layer of serous pericardium

A

lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

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18
Q

Describe the visceral layer (epicardium) of serous pericardium

A

covers the outer surface of the heart

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19
Q

The small space between the parietal and visceral layers is called the ________ _________.

A

pericardial cavity

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20
Q

Three layers of the heart wall (superficial to deep)

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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21
Q

Which heart wall layer consists of the visceral layer of the serous pericardium and areolar CT

A

Epicardium

22
Q

Which heart wall layer is made up of cardiac muscle and is the thickest of the three layers

A

Myocardium

23
Q

Which heart wall layer is the internal surface of the heart chambers and external surface of the heart valves

A

Endocardium

24
Q

Cone-shaped muscle projections inside the ventricle called ______ _______

A

papillary muscles

25
Q

papillary muscles anchor thin strands of strong CT made up of collagen fibers called ________ ________.

A

chordae tendineae

26
Q

______ are triangular flaps that hang down into the ventricle.

A

Cusps

27
Q

The ____ ventricular wall is usually three times thicker than the ____ventricular wall

A

left; right

28
Q

Name the semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary and Aortic

29
Q

Location of the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

between the atria & ventricles

30
Q

what is the composition of the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

Dense, regular fibrous CT

31
Q

What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A
  • Anchor heart valves by forming a supportive ring at their attachment points
  • Electrical insulation between atria and ventricles
  • Rigid framework for attachment of cardiac muscle cells
32
Q

These arteries travel within the coronary sulcus and supply the heart wall muscle with oxygen and nutrients

A

right and left coronary arteries

33
Q

Name of the only branches given off by the ascending aorta just superior to the semilunar valve:

A

coronary arteries

34
Q

Right coronary artery branches into:

A
  1. Marginal artery
  2. Posterior interventricular artery
35
Q

Left coronary artery branches into:

A
  1. Anterior interventricular artery
  2. Circumflex artery
36
Q

Three veins that drain into the coronary sinus vein which drains into the right atrium

A
  1. Great cardiac vein
  2. Middle cardiac vein
  3. Small cardiac vein
37
Q

__________ is composed of cardiac muscle fibers which are striated & have many similarities to skeletal muscles

A

myocardium

38
Q

What are the differences between cardiac and skeletal striated muscle?

A
  • Cardiac: Less extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum with no terminal cisternae
  • Cardiac: Less extensive development of transverse tubules and reduced association of t-tubules with sarcoplasmic reticulum
39
Q

Specialized cell-cell contact that electrically & mechanically link adjacent cells are called ___________ _______.

A

Intercalated Discs

40
Q

Located within intercalated discs are:

A

Gap junctions

41
Q

_______ muscle fibers contract as a single unit because they are all connected with (high/low) resistance cell-to-cell junctions that permits ion flow and allows action potentials to spread from one cell to the next.

A

Cardiac; low

42
Q

Define autorhythmicity

A

The heart is capable of initiating its own heartbeat independent of external nerves

43
Q

The electrical impulse that initiates the heartbeat

A

sinoatrial (SA) node or the pacemaker

44
Q

Located on the posterior wall of the right atrium adjacent to the opening of the superior vena cava

A

SA node or pacemaker

45
Q

SA node generates ____ to ____ impulses per minute at rest

A

70-80

46
Q

Conducting system of the heart:
1) impulses from the SA node that travel to the left atrium and the ____________ ____ located in the floor of the _______ atrium.

A

atrioventricular node (AV) ; right

47
Q

Conducting system of the heart:

2) Electrical activity leaves the AV node into the _____________ _____, which extends into the interventricular septum.

A

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

48
Q

Conducting system of the heart:

3) Once within the septum, the AV bundle divides into:

A

left and right bundles

49
Q

Conducting system of the heart:

4) Left and right bundles pass the impulse to conduction cell called ______ _____ that begin at the (apex/base) of the heart.

A

Purkinje fibers; apex

50
Q

Conducting system of the heart:

5) The ________ ______ spread the impulse superiorly from the apex to all of the ventricular myocardium

A

Purkinje fibers

ANATOMY LECTURE (9 decks)

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