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ANATOMY LECTURE > Chapter 25: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 25: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the Respiratory System?

A
  • Gas exchange
  • Gas conditioning
  • Sound Production
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2
Q

Which function of the respiratory system supplies the body with oxygen and rids it of carbon dioxide?

A

Gas exchange

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3
Q

External respiration is gas exchange between the __________ and the ________.

A

atmosphere; blood

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4
Q

External respiration is accomplished by way of the (respiratory/cardiovascular) system

A

respiratory

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5
Q

Internal respiration is gas exchange between the __________ and _____ ______.

A

blood; body cells

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6
Q

Internal respiration is accomplished by way of the (respiratory/cardiovascular) system

A

cardiovascular

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7
Q

Which function of the respiratory system is air warmed, moistened, and cleansed while traveling to the lungs

A

Gas Conditioning

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8
Q

In the respiratory system, Gas conditioning​ is accomplished by __________ & __________.

A

nasal passages; sinuses

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9
Q

Which function of the respiratory system does air vibrate the vocal cords of the larynx as it is expelled from the lungs

A

Sound production

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10
Q

Anatomically, the respiratory system can be divided into ______ and ______ respiratory tracts.

A

upper; lower

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11
Q

Functionally, the respiratory system can be divided into ________ and _______ portions

A

conducting; respiratory

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12
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract comprised of:

A
  • nose and nasal cavities
  • paranasal sinuses
  • pharynx
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13
Q

The nasal cavity begins at the internal component of the nose and ends as opening to the nasopharynx known as ______

A

choanae

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14
Q

The ______ ______ divides the nasal cavity into right and left portions and forms the medial wall of each cavity

A

nasal septum

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15
Q

What structures form the lateral wall for each nasal cavity?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae

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16
Q

What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?

A

to warm, humidify, and cleanse the air within the nasal cavity

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17
Q

There are four bones of the skull that contain air spaces, referred to as:

A

paranasal sinuses

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18
Q

Why do the paranasal sinuses have spaces in them?

A

to make the bones lighter in weight

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19
Q

Name the paranasal sinuses

A
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoidal
  • Sphenoidal
  • Maxillary
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20
Q

This area of the body is shared by the digestive and respiratory system

A

Pharynx

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21
Q

What are the three regions the pharynx is split into:

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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22
Q

Which region of the pharynx is continuous with the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate

A

Nasopharynx

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23
Q

Which region of the pharynx will you find the opening of the auditory tubes on the lateral walls

A

Nasopharynx

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24
Q

Which posterior region of the pharynx will you see the pharyngeal tonsil?

A

Nasopharynx

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25
Q

Which region of the pharynx has pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Nasopharynx

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26
Q

Which region of the pharynx begins at the end of the soft palate and ends at the level of the hyoid bone?

A

Oropharynx

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27
Q

Which region of the pharynx will you find the palatine tonsils

A

Oropharynx

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28
Q

Which region of the pharynx will you find the lingual tonsils?

A

Oropharynx

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29
Q

Which region of the pharynx has ​nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

​Oropharynx

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30
Q

Which region of the pharynx starts inferior to hyoid bone and is continuous with larynx and terminates at superior border of the esophagus

A

Laryngopharynx

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31
Q

Which region of the pharynx is lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Laryngopharynx

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32
Q

The lower respiratory tract can be split into two portions which are:

A

conducting and respiratory portions

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33
Q

What is the conducting portion of the lower respiratory tract is comprised of:

A
  1. Larynx
  2. Trachea
  3. Bronchi
  4. Bronchioles
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34
Q

What is the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract is comprised of:

A
  1. respiratory bronchioles
  2. alveolar ducts
  3. alveoli
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35
Q

what connects the pharynx to the trachea

A

larynx

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36
Q

referred to as the “voice box”

A

larynx

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37
Q

Structure of the lower respiratory tract that is supported by a framework of cartilages, ligaments, and muscles

A

larynx

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38
Q

What are the three major cartilages of the larynx?

A
  1. Thryoid cartilage
  2. Cricoid cartilage
  3. Epiglottis
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39
Q

Name the largest cartilage in the layrnx

A

Thyroid cartilage

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40
Q

Which major cartilage of the larynx has an anterior wall and lateral wall

A

Thyroid cartilage

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41
Q

Which major cartilage of the larynx has no posterior wall

A

thyroid cartilage

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42
Q

Which major cartilage of the larynx has a V-shaped anterior projection called the laryngeal prominence

A

thyroid cartilage

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43
Q

The thyroid cartilage has a V-shaped anterior projection called the _______ _______.

A

laryngeal prominence

44
Q

Which major cartilage of the larynx is usually larger in males compared to females due to testosterone influence on growth of cartilage

A

Thyroid cartilage

45
Q

Which major cartilage of the larynx is just inferior to the thyroid cartilage

A

cricoid cartilage

46
Q

Which major cartilage of the larynx is a complete ring- shaped cartiliage

A

cricoid cartilage

47
Q

Which major cartilage of the larynx is a spoon-shaped cartilage that projects superiorly into the pharynx

A

epiglottis

48
Q

Which major cartilage of the larynx closes the opening to the larynx when you swallow, preventing materials from entering the lower respiratory tract

A

epiglottis

49
Q

Name the three minor cartilages of the larynx

A
  • cuneiform cartilages
  • corniculate cartilages
  • arytenoid cartilages
50
Q

What major role do the minor cartilages play in the larynx

A

they are part of sound production

51
Q

______ _____ are found in the larynx and are comprised of ______ ____ covered by a mucous membrane

A

Vocal folds; vocal ligaments

52
Q

The opening between the vocal folds is the:

A

rima glottidis

53
Q

The vocal cords plus the rima glottidis are collectively known as the:

A

glottis

54
Q

When air is forced through the rima glottidis, it causes _________ of the vocal cords, which results in the production of ________

A

vibration; sound

55
Q

In the lower respiratory tract, this structure is inferior to the larynx, superior to the primary bronchi, and anterior to the esophagus

A

trachea

56
Q

In the lower respiratory tract, this structure is supported by C-shaped tracheal cartilages

A

Trachea

57
Q

The trachea is supported by C-shaped _______ _______.

A

tracheal cartilages

58
Q

In the trachea, posteriorly, the ends of the “C-shaped” tracheal cartilages are connected by the _______ ______.

A

trachealis muscle

59
Q

_______ _____ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that begin with the primary bronchi and end with the terminal bronchi

A

bronchial tree

60
Q

The bronchial tree is part of the (conducting/respiratory) portion of the respiratory system

A

conducting

61
Q

The trachea branches into left and right _______ ______

A

Primary bronchi

62
Q

How many secondary bronchi are on the right primary bronchus?

A

Three

63
Q

How many secondary bronchi are on the left primary bronchus

A

two

64
Q

The secondary bronchi divide into __ to __ tertiary bronchi

A

8; 10

65
Q

In a bronchiole tree, as branching continues what is observed as the bronchioles become smaller?

(3 observations)

A
  • Incomplete rings of cartilage become smaller and less numerous
  • bronchi are lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • bronchioles lack cartilage rings and are lined with simple columnar or simple squamous epithelium.
66
Q

What is the diameter of bronchioles?

A

< 1 mm in diameter

67
Q

What are bronchioles walls composed of?

A

A thick layer of smooth muscle

68
Q

Contraction of the smooth muscle results in a narrowing of the bronchioles called ___________

A

bronchoconstriction

69
Q

Relaxation of the smooth muscle results in a widening of the bronchioles called ___________.

A

bronchodilation

70
Q

Bronchioles branch into ________ _______, which are the last portions of the conduction portion of the respiratory system

A

terminal bronchioles

71
Q

What does the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory system consist of?

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveoli
72
Q

Terminal bronchioles branch into _________ ___________.

A

respiratory bronchioles

73
Q

Respiratory bronchioles branch into ______ _______.

A

alveolar ducts

74
Q

Alveolar ducts end with small saccular outpocketings called _________.

A

alveoli

75
Q

Where part of the respiratory portion are respiratory gases diffused between the blood and the air in the lungs

A

the thin wall of the alveolus

76
Q

The alveolar wall is formed from two types of cells:

A
  1. Alveolar Type I cells
  2. Alveolar Type II cells
77
Q

What type of alveolar cell consists of simple squamous epithelial cells to promote rapid diffusion of gases?

A

Alveolar type I cells

78
Q

What type of alveolar cell consists of cells almost cuboidal in shape and produce pulmonary surfactant, which decreases surface tension within the alveolus and prevents the collapse of alveoli

A

Alveolar type II cells

79
Q

What does pulmonary surfactant ​ in alveolar type II cells do?

A

decreases surface tension within the alveolus and prevents the collapse of alveoli.

80
Q

What does the respiratory membrane consist of?

A
  • Plasma membrane of the type I alveolar cell
  • fused basement membrane of both cells
  • Plasma membrane of the capillary cell
81
Q

The ___________ ____________ is the diffusion barier across which respiratory gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in alveoli

A

respiratory membrane

82
Q

The _______ ________ engulfs any microorganism or particulate matter that makes its was into the alveolus.

A

alveolar macrophage

83
Q

Also known as the dust cell

A

alveolar macrophage

84
Q

The ______ are located in the pleural cavities on the lateral sides of the thorax and separated by the mediastinum

A

lungs

85
Q

The pleural cavities and the outer surface of the lung are lined with a serous membrane called ________

A

pleura

86
Q

_________ __________ tightly adheres to the outside of the lung

A

visceral pleura

87
Q

______ ______ lines the pleural cavity itself

A

parietal pleura

88
Q

visceral and parietal pleura are (continuous/discontinuous) with each other and the space between them is called _____ ______.

A

continuous; pleural cavity

89
Q

This organ is conical in shape, has a base inferiorly that rests on the diaphragm and an apex that is its most superior portion.

A

Lungs

90
Q

In the lungs, the apex projects just slightly (superior/inferior) and (anterior/posterior) to the clavicle.

A

superior; posterior

91
Q

Concerning the lungs, the _______ surface comes in contact with the ribs and the slightly concave ________ surface faces medially toward the mediastinum

A

coastal; mediastinal

92
Q

Concerning the lungs, the mediastinal surface houses a concave region called the _______.

A

hilum

93
Q

What passes through the hilum of the lung?

A
  • Bronchi
  • Pulmonary vessels
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Nerves
94
Q

What is the root of the lung?

A

all structures within the hilum

95
Q

The (right/left) lung is slightly smaller than the (right/left) lung because the heart projects slightly to the (right/left) of midline

A

left; right; left

96
Q

The heart makes a medial surface indentation on the left lung called the _______ __________.

A

cardiac impression

97
Q

The left lung has an anterior indented region called the ______ _______.

A

cardiac notch

98
Q

The left lung has an ______ ______ that divides the lung into two lobes.

A

oblique fissure

99
Q

In the left lung, the _______ is homologous to the middle lobe of the right lung.

A

lingula

100
Q

The right lung has two fissures, _______ and _______ fissures that divide the lung into ______ lobes.

A

oblique; horizontal; three

101
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in the right lung?

A

10

102
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in the left lung.

A

8-10

103
Q

Each bronchopulmonary segment is supplied by its own _______ ______ and a branch of a pulmonary artery and vein.

A

tertiary bronchus

104
Q

Each bronchopulmonary segment is surrounded by and isolated from other segments by ______ _______.

A

connective tissue

105
Q

Define pulmonary circulation.

A

conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs

106
Q

Define bronchial circulation

A

systemic circulation; delivers blood directly to and from the bronchi and bronchioles

ANATOMY LECTURE (9 decks)

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