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ANATOMY LECTURE > Chapter 26: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 26: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What do the organs in the digestive system do

A
  • ingest the food
  • transport ingested material
  • digest the material into smaller usable components
  • absorb the nutrients into the blood stream
  • expel waste products from the body
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2
Q

What are the two categories of organs in the digestive system?

A
  1. Digestive organs
  2. Accessory digestive organs
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3
Q

The digestive organs is collectively made up of the _____________ _______.

A

gastrointestinal tract

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4
Q

What organs make up the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

A
  1. Oral cavity
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine
  6. large intestine
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5
Q

What organs make up the accessory digestive tract

A
  1. Teeth
  2. Tongue
  3. Salivary glands
  4. Liver
  5. Gall bladder
  6. Pancreas
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6
Q

What are the functions of the Digestive system

A
  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. propulsion
  4. secretion
  5. absorption
  6. elimination
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7
Q

Which function of the digestive system moves food through the digestive system

A

Propulsion

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8
Q

In the digestive function propulsion, swallowing is (voluntary/involuntary); all subsequent propulsion occurs (voluntarily/involuntarily)

A

voluntary; involuntarily

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9
Q

Which function of the digestive system produces mucus, acid, bile, and enzymes that are added to the lumen of the digestive tract

A

Secretion

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10
Q

Which function of the digestive system facilitates digestion or propulsion

A

Secretion

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11
Q

Which function of the digestive system allows for the passage of the broken-down nutrients into the bloodstream, so they can be delivered to all of the body’s cells.

A

Absorption

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12
Q

Which function of the digestive system deals with the components of food that cannot be digested or absorbed and as a result are expelled from the body by way of defecation.

A

Elimination

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13
Q

The two types of movement from propulsion of food along the GI tube are:

A
  1. Peristalsis
  2. Segmentation
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14
Q

The ripple-like wave of muscular contraction that forces material to move further along the GI tract is known as _______

A

Peristalsis

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15
Q

The churning and mixing of material helping to disperse the material and mix it and combine it with digestive organ secretions is known as __________

A

Segmentation

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16
Q

List the structural features of the oral cavity:

A
  • cheeks, lips, and palate
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • teeth
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17
Q

Which structural feature(s) of the oral cavity form its lateral wall and are comprised mainly of the buccinator muscles.

A

cheeks

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18
Q

Which structural feature(s) of the oral cavity end anteriorly as the lips

A

cheeks

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19
Q

Which structural feature(s) of the oral cavity have gingivae covering its alveolar processes

A

teeth

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20
Q

The internal surface of the upper and lower lips are attached to the gingivae by a thin, midline mucosa fold called the ______ _______.

A

labial frenulum

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21
Q

Which structural feature(s) of the oral cavity form the roof of the oral cavity

A

palate

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22
Q

In the oral cavity, the anterior 2/3 of the palate is called the ______ ______ because it is comprised of _______

A

hard palate; bone

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23
Q

In the oral cavity, the posterior 1/3 of the palate is called the _____ _____, because it is soft and muscular.

A

soft palate

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24
Q

In the oral cavity, extending from the soft palate posteriorly is the _____.

A

uvula

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25
Q

What is the function of the uvula?

A

it elevates during swallowing and closes off the posterior entrance to the nasopharynx.

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26
Q

The ________ represent the opening from the oral cavity to the oropharynx

A

fauces

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27
Q

The _______ ______ are housed laterally to the fauces

A

palatine tonsils

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28
Q

Which structural feature(s) of the oral cavity manipulates and mixes ingested materials during chewing

A

tongue

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29
Q

Which structural feature(s) of the oral cavity helps compress the partially digested materials into a bolus

A

tongue

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30
Q

What is a bolus?

A

a globular mass of ingested materials that can be easily swallowed

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31
Q

The inferior surface of the tongue attaches to the floor of the oral cavity by a thin, midline mucous membrane called the:

A

lingual frenulum

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32
Q

What is the entrance to the GI tract

A

oral cavity

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33
Q

Which digestive organ is the only one that functions in indigestion

A

oral cavity

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34
Q

The oral cavity also begins the process of __________ digestion, _________ digestion, and __________

A

chemical; mechanical; propulsion

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35
Q

List the boundaries of the oral cavity:

A
  • Anterior boundary
  • Posterior boundary
  • Lateral boundaries
  • Superior boundary
  • Inferior boundary
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36
Q

What makes up the anterior boundary of the oral cavity?

A

Lips (obicularis oris muscle)

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37
Q

What makes up the posterior boundary of the oral cavity

A

oropharynx

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38
Q

What makes up the lateral boundaries of the oral cavity

A

cheeks (buccinator muscles)

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39
Q

What makes up the ​superior boundary of the oral cavity?

A

hard and soft palate

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40
Q

What makes up the inferior boundary of the oral cavity?

A

tongue (rests on mylohyoid muscle)

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41
Q

What secrets saliva into the oral cavity by the way of ducts?

A

salivary glands

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42
Q

Describe the functions of saliva (steps of saliva)

A
  • begins chemical digestion of starts using the enzyme amylase
  • moistens food to be easily swallowed
  • mouth is cleaned by lysozyme (an antibacterial agent)
  • saliva dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted
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43
Q

How many pairs of salivary glands are there?

A

Three

44
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands?

A
  1. Parotid salivary glands
  2. Submandibular salivary glands
  3. Sublingual salivary glands
45
Q

List the % of saliva secreted by each salivary gland:

  1. Parotid
  2. Submandibular
  3. Sublingual
A
  1. Parotid = 30%
  2. Submanidubular = 65%
  3. Sublingual = 5%
46
Q

Which salivary gland is located just anterior and inferior to the ears

A

Parotid salivary gland

47
Q

Which salivary gland is the largest?

A

Parotid

48
Q

In ______ salivary glands, ______ ______ opens above upper second upper molar

A

parotid; parotid duct

49
Q

Which salivary gland is located just inferior to the body of the mandible

A

submandibular salivary gland

50
Q

In _______ salivary glands, the _______ _____ opens lateral to the lingual frenum

A

submandibular; submandibular duct

51
Q

Which salivary gland is located inferior to the tongue?

A

sublingual salivary gland

52
Q

Multiple ________ _______ open posterior to submandibular duct

A

submandibular ducts

53
Q

The ______ aids in both mechanical and chemical digestion

A

tongue

54
Q

What structure grips food and repositions it between the teeth and palate during mastications

A

tongue

55
Q

what structure mixes food with saliva

A

tongue

56
Q

a moistened ball of chewed food is referred to as:

A

a bolus

57
Q

The tongue contains many ______, projections that aid in gripping the food and that also contain taste buds

A

papillae

58
Q

The tongue initiates the process of ______ by pushing the bolus of food back toward the pharynx during ________ (swallowing)

A

propulsion; deglutition

59
Q

The common passageway for both food and air

A

phayrnx

60
Q

The pharynx functions in _______ from the oral cavity to the esophagus

A

propulsion

61
Q

In the pharynx, only the ______ and _____ _______ are involved with the digestive system

A

oropharynx ; inferior laryngopharynx

62
Q

The ____ _______ is sealed off by way of the uvula during deglutition

A

superior nasopharynx

63
Q

What are the three phases of swallowing?

A
  1. Voluntary
  2. Pharyngeal
  3. Esophageal
64
Q

The walls of the GI tract organs consist of four tissue layers:

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa (or adventitia)
65
Q

Which wall of the GI tract is the innermost layer, surrounding the lumen

A

Mucosa

66
Q

Which wall of the GI tract is generally comprised of simple columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells

A

mucosa

67
Q

What are the three components of Mucosa?

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Lamina propria (areolar CT + capillaries)
  3. Muscularis mucosa ( thin layer of smooth muscle)
68
Q

Which wall of the GI tract is external to the mucosa

A

submucosa

69
Q

Which wall of the GI tract is comprised of areolar or dense irregular CT

A

Submucosa

70
Q

Which wall of the GI tract has many large vessels & lymph vessels

A

submucosa

71
Q

Which wall of the GI tract has a submucosal nerve plexus?

A

submucosa

72
Q

Which wall of the GI tract consists of two layers of smooth muscle that move substance through the GI tract

A

Muscularis

73
Q

Which wall of the GI tract has an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer that alternately contract and relax to produce peristalsis

A

Muscularis

74
Q

The muscularis has an (inner/outer) circular layer and an (inner/outer)​ longitudinal layer

A

inner; outer

75
Q

Which wall of the GI tract has a myenteric nerve plexus located between its two layers of smooth muscle

A

muscularis

76
Q

In the muscularis, what is located in between the two layers of smooth muscle?

A

myenteric nerve plexus

77
Q

Which wall of the GI tract is the outermost layer

A

Serosa or aventitia

78
Q

Which wall of the GI tract is composed of areolar CT, with collagen and elastin fibers

A

adventitia

79
Q

Which wall of the GI tract is covered with visceral peritoneum

A

Serosa

80
Q

Intraperitoneal organs have ______ as their outer layer

A

Serosa

81
Q

Retroperitoneal organs have _______ as their outer layer because they are only partially covered with parietal peritoneum

A

adventitia

82
Q

when is tissue called “serosa”?

A

if covered with visceral peritoneum

83
Q

When is tissue called “adventitia”

A

when composed of areolar CT, with collagen and elastin fibers

84
Q

Blood Vessels:

What branches supply the abdominal GI tract

A
  • Celiac trunk
  • Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
85
Q

Smaller branches extend throughout the walls of the GI tract organs within the tunics, and the mucosa contains ___________ ___ __ _____ _________ ____ to protome _________

A

capillaries that have fenestrated endothelial cells; absorption

86
Q

The veins from the mucosa merge to eventually form the:

A

hepatic portal system

87
Q

Lymphatic capillaries arise in the mucosa and lacteals within _______ _____, pass through the numerous _______ ___, and deliver ____ to the ________ _____ and then to the ______ _____.

A

intestinal villi; lymph nodes; lymph, cisterna chyli ; thoracic duct

88
Q

This structure is a long tube that runs behind the trachea and connects the laryngopharynx superiorly to the stomach inferiorly

A

esophagus

89
Q

the esophagus functions solely in _______

A

propulsion

90
Q

True or False:

Digestion and absorption occur in the esophagus

A

false

91
Q

________ carries food to the stomach

A

peristalsis

92
Q

What type of epithelial cells does the mucosa of the esophagus consist of

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

93
Q

What is the function of the mucosa non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the esophagus

A

Protection

94
Q

At the connection of the esophagus to the stomach, a thickened band of circular smooth muscle forms the:

A

esophageal sphinter

95
Q

What does the esophageal sphincter do?

A

regulates the passage of the bolus into the stomach and keep stomach acids out of the esophagus

96
Q

In the esophagus, the superior region of the muscularis is composed of:

A

skeletal muscle

97
Q

In the esophagus, the middle region is composed of:

A

a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle

98
Q

In the esophagus, the inferior region of the esophagus is composed of:

A

more standard smooth muscle

99
Q

What does the muscularis of the esophagus deviate from a standard pattern of smooth muscle

A

because skeletal muscle contracts more rapidly and can then assure rapid movement of food out of the pharynx before the next respiratory cycle

100
Q

This organ is temporary storage in which the bolus of food is chemically and mechanically digested

A

Stomach

101
Q

The mucosa of the stomach consists of ______ _____

A

gastric folds

102
Q

what is the function of gastric folds?

A

to allow the stomach to expand as it fills

103
Q

The stomach has three muscularis layers:

A

inner oblique layer

middle oblique layer

outer longitudinal layer

104
Q

What is the function of the three muscularis layers of the stomach

A

to churn food to mechanically digest it

105
Q

When food leaves the stomach and goes to its liquid form, it is then referred to as:

A

chyme

106
Q

Stopped at slide 34

A

ANATOMY LECTURE (9 decks)

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