chapter 27

Question 1

A drop in blood pH will be compensated for by __________.
A drop in blood pH will be compensated for by __________.
excreting more hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions
excreting fewer hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions
excreting fewer hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions
excreting more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions

Answer 1

excreting more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions

Question 2

Which of these hormones has little direct effect on water balance?
Which of these hormones has little direct effect on water balance?
natriuretic peptides
testosterone
aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone

Answer 2

testosterone

Question 3

Which of the following best describes a common cause of respiratory acidosis?
Which of the following best describes a common cause of respiratory acidosis?
hyperventilation
prolonged vomiting
reduced alveolar ventilation
tissue hypoxia

Answer 3

reduced alveolar ventilation

Question 4

A patient suffering from ketoacidosis due to diabetes mellitus can compensate for the acid-base disturbance by _________.
A patient suffering from ketoacidosis due to diabetes mellitus can compensate for the acid-base disturbance by _________.
increasing hydrogen ion excretion
increasing both alveolar ventilation and hydrogen ion excretion
reducing alveolar ventilation
increasing alveolar ventilation

Answer 4

increasing both alveolar ventilation and hydrogen ion excretion

Question 5

If a hypertonic sodium chloride solution is injected into a patient’s vein, this will cause a shift of water from __________ and cause cells to __________.
If a hypertonic sodium chloride solution is injected into a patient’s vein, this will cause a shift of water from __________ and cause cells to __________.
the ICF to the ECF; swell
the ICF to the ECF; shrink
the ECF to the ICF; shrink
the ECF to the ICF; swell

Answer 5

the ICF to the ECF; shrink

Question 6

A rise in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will cause a __________ in pH and a __________ in blood bicarbonate levels.
A rise in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will cause a __________ in pH and a __________ in blood bicarbonate levels.
fall; rise
rise; rise
fall; fall
rise; fall

Answer 6

fall; rise

Question 7

A substance that can release or absorb a hydrogen ion is known as a(n) __________.

 electrolyte
 alkali
 buffer
 acid salt

Answer 7

buffer

Question 8

A patient with low blood potassium is suffering from __________, possibly caused by __________ aldosterone secretion.
A patient with low blood potassium is suffering from __________, possibly caused by __________ aldosterone secretion.
hypokalemia; excessive
hyperkalemia; excessive
hyperkalemia; insufficient
hypokalemia; insufficient

Answer 8

hypokalemia; excessive

Question 9

Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form __________.
Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form __________.
carbonic acid
hydrochloric acid
carbon monoxide
sulfuric acid

Answer 9

carbonic acid

Question 10

About two-thirds of the body fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.
About two-thirds of the body fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.
interstitial
vital
intercellular
intracellular
extracellular

Answer 10

intracellular

Question 11

Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found only within
Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found only within
lymph.
the interstitial space.
blood vessels.
the cerebrospinal fluid.
the cells of the body.

Answer 11

the cells of the body.

Question 12

Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called
Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called
electrons.
buffers.
osmoregulators.
electrolytes.
nonelectrolytes.

Answer 12

electrolytes.

Question 13

Which of these is not a property of the intracellular fluid (ICF)?
Which of these is not a property of the intracellular fluid (ICF)?
The concentration of potassium ion exceeds that of sodium ion.
The concentration of chloride ion is lower than that of interstitial fluid.
The concentration of sodium ion exceeds that of potassium ion.
The protein concentration is higher than that of interstitial fluid.

Answer 13

The concentration of sodium ion exceeds that of potassium ion.

Question 14

The extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of the
The extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of the
cerebrospinal fluid.
lymph.
plasma.
interstitial fluid.
All of the answers are correct.

Answer 14

All of the answers are correct.

Question 15

The principal cation in intracellular fluid is
The principal cation in intracellular fluid is
potassium.
calcium.
sodium.
chloride.
magnesium.

Answer 15

potassium.

Question 16

Which of the following will stimulate thirst?

 stimulation of osmoreceptors
 angiotensin II acting on the hypothalamus
 an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamus
 drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx
 All of the answers are correct.

Answer 16

All of the answers are correct.

Question 17

Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?
Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?
ADH
angiotensin II
PTH
epinephrine
ANP

Answer 17

ADH

Question 18

Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?
Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?
acetylcholine
ADH
PTH
natriuretic peptides
aldosterone

Answer 18

natriuretic peptides

Question 19

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by
Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by
stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium.
triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone.
causing the release of ADH.
stimulating thirst.
All of the answers are correct.

Answer 19

All of the answers are correct.

Question 20

Aldosterone
Aldosterone
is secreted in response to decreased levels of potassium in the blood.
promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
regulates blood calcium levels.
helps decrease blood volume and lower blood pressure.
regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Answer 20

promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.

Question 21

If the extracellular fluid (ECF) is made hypertonic, __________.
If the extracellular fluid (ECF) is made hypertonic, __________.
water will move from the ICF to the ECF and cells will swell
water will move from the ICF to the ECF and cells will shrink
water will move from the ECF to the ICF and cells will shrink
water will move from the ECF to the ICF and cells will swell

Answer 21

water will move from the ICF to the ECF and cells will shrink

Question 22

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,
When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,
osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
aldosterone is secreted.
there is an increase in the volume of the ICF.
the osmolarity of the ECF falls.
both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.

Answer 22

osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.

Question 23

When pure water is consumed,
When pure water is consumed,
the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF.
a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases.
osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.
the volume of the ICF decreases.
the volume of the ECF decreases.

Answer 23

osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.

Question 24

Consuming a meal high in salt will
Consuming a meal high in salt will
drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood.
cause hypotension.
result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
decrease thirst.
activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

Answer 24

result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

Question 25

A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body. A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body. sodium water hydrogen ion bicarbonate ion All of the answers are correct.

Answer 25

All of the answers are correct.

Question 26

The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of calcium ions. chlorine ions. electrons. potassium ions. sodium ions.

Answer 26

sodium ions.

Question 27

In which of the following body fluids will protein buffers play a major role? In which of the following body fluids will protein buffers play a major role? Intracellular fluid, plasma, and urine Red blood cells (RBCs), plasma, and urine Intracellular fluid, including RBCs, and plasma Plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid

Answer 27

Intracellular fluid, including RBCs, and plasma

Question 28

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by the liver. sweating. buffers. the feces. the kidneys.

Answer 28

the kidneys.

Question 29

A patient with severe diarrhea is losing all these except __________ from his body. A patient with severe diarrhea is losing all these except __________ from his body. water sodium ions hydrogen ions bicarbonate ions

Answer 29

hydrogen ions

Question 30

Hyperventilation usually leads to a substantial ___________in the partial pressure of ___________ in body fluids. Hyperventilation usually leads to a substantial ___________in the partial pressure of ___________ in body fluids. rise; carbon dioxide rise; oxygen fall; carbon dioxide fall; oxygen

Answer 30

fall; carbon dioxide

Question 31

Ketone bodies produced during severe diabetes mellitus often leads to ___________. Ketone bodies produced during severe diabetes mellitus often leads to ___________. respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic alkalosis metabolic acidosis

Answer 31

metabolic acidosis

Question 32

``` Hypoventilation leads to Hypoventilation leads to respiratory acidosis. metabolic acidosis. metabolic alkalosis. respiratory alkalosis. ```

Answer 32

respiratory acidosis.

Question 33

In response to respiratory alkalosis, the In response to respiratory alkalosis, the kidneys retain more hydrogen ions. kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions. tidal volume increases. respiratory rate increases. kidneys conserve bicarbonate.

Answer 33

kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.

Question 34

``` Prolonged vomiting can result in Prolonged vomiting can result in metabolic acidosis. respiratory acidosis. respiratory alkalosis. metabolic alkalosis. ```

Answer 34

metabolic alkalosis.

Question 35

A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop metabolic acidosis. respiratory alkalosis. metabolic alkalosis. respiratory acidosis.

Answer 35

metabolic acidosis.

Question 36

A patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk for A patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk for metabolic acidosis. respiratory alkalosis. respiratory acidosis. metabolic alkalosis.

Answer 36

respiratory alkalosis.

Question 37

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis? Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis? consequence of prolonged vomiting consequence of tissue hypoxia; for example, in ischemic conditions consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation; for example, due to COPD consequence of hyperventilation; for example, in fever or mental illness

Answer 37

consequence of prolonged vomiting