Chapter 18 Flashcards
1
Q
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.
neuropeptides; neurohormones neurotransmitters; neuropeptides neurotransmitters; hormones hormones; neurotransmitters neuropeptides; neurotransmitters
A
hormones; neurotransmitters
2
Q
Peptide hormones ___________.
usually bind to intranuclear receptors are lipid soluble always contain one sugar molecule are composed of amino acids
A
are composed of amino acids
3
Q
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?
insulin cortisol epinephrine
A
Cortisol
4
Q
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?
acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene activates a protein kinase phosphorylates a protein directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome
A
acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene
5
Q
Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?
mineralocorticoids pancreatic hormones thyroglobulins antidiuretic hormones glucocorticoids
A
glucocorticoids
6
Q
Endocrine cells
contain few vesicles.
release their secretions directly into body fluids.
release their secretions onto an epithelial surface.
are modified connective-tissue cells.
are a type of nerve cell.
A
release their secretions directly into body fluids.
7
Q
________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
Neuropeptides Hormones Antigens Neurotransmitters Humoral antibodies
A
Hormones
8
Q
Lipid-soluble hormones usually bind to __________ receptors.
transmembrane intranuclear extracellular G-protein coupled
A
intranuclear
9
Q
Which of these hormones is not derived from an amino acid?
norepinephrine thyroid hormone epinephrine parathyroid hormone
A
parathyroid hormone
10
Q
A kinase is an enzyme that performs
phosphorylation. active transport. as an antibody. as a membrane channel. protein synthesis.
A
phosphorylation.
11
Q
Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein
calcium-binding globulin. calmodulin. calcitropin. calcitonin. calcitriol.
A
calmodulin.
12
Q
A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s).
two one tropic hypothalamic gonadotropic
A
one
13
Q
All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they
bind to receptors within the cell. are derived from cholesterol. are produced by the suprarenal medulla. are lipids. are produced by reproductive glands.
A
are produced by the suprarenal medulla.
14
Q
Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?
thyroid catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids peptide hormones catecholamines eicosanoids
A
catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids
15
Q
Steroid hormones
cannot diffuse through cell membranes. are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma. are proteins. bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time.
A
bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
16
Q
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the
hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA. hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. cell becomes inactive. second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. cell membrane becomes depolarized.
A
second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
17
Q
The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually
a G protein. calcium ion levels. cGMP. cAMP. adenyl cyclase.
A
a G protein.
18
Q
When adenyl cyclase is activated,
cAMP is formed. ATP is consumed. ATP is produced. cAMP is broken down. ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.
A
ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.
19
Q
All target cells
have hormone receptors. are in the blood. secrete hormones. produce their own hormones. respond to electrical signals.
A
have hormone receptors.
20
Q
Which of these is released by the neurohypophysis?
FSH TSH ACTH ADH
A
ADH
21
Q
Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?
loss of ADH secretion loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion loss of emotional response loss of melatonin secretion loss of GH secretion
A
loss of ADH secretion
22
Q
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by
altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary. gap synaptic junctions. direct neural stimulation. secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. indirect osmotic control.
A
secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.
23
Q
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
LH. FSH. TSH. ACTH. GH.
A
FSH.
24
Q
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is
ACTH. GH. FSH. TSH. LH.
A
LH.
25
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
```
ACTH.
somatotropin.
prolactin.
MSH.
insulin.
```
somatotropin.
26
After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?
```
epinephrine
cortisol
renin
aldosterone
ADH
```
ADH
27
Which chemical element is necessary to make thyroid hormone?
iodine
thorium
calcium
iron
iodine
28
The condition known as hirsutism can result from too
```
much androgen production.
much insulin.
much ACTH.
little glucagon.
little TSH.
```
much androgen production.
29
Excessive secretion by the adrenal medulla can lead to all of these changes except __________.
elevated blood pressure
elevated blood glucose level
drowsiness
elevated heart rate
drowsiness
30
The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces
```
epinephrine.
glucocorticoids.
norepinephrine.
androgens.
mineralocorticoids.
```
androgens.
31
The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces
```
mineralocorticoids.
glucocorticoids.
epinephrine.
norepinephrine.
androgens.
```
glucocorticoids.
32
The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces
```
androgens.
norepinephrine.
epinephrine.
mineralocorticoids.
glucocorticoids.
```
mineralocorticoids.
33
The suprarenal medulla produces
```
corticosteroids.
mineralocorticoids.
androgens.
glucocorticoids.
catecholamines.
```
catecholamines.
34
A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is
```
aldosterone.
thymosin.
parathormone.
cortisol.
erythropoietin.
```
cortisol.
35
The suprarenal medulla produces the hormones
```
corticosterone and testosterone.
norcortisol and cortisol.
synephrine and neosynephrine.
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
androgens and progesterone.
```
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
36
Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in
increased volume of urine formation.
decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood.
the loss of axillary and pubic hair.
decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.
increased water retention.
decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.
37
If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?
```
decrease of insulin
increase of blood glucose
decrease of blood glucose
increase of insulin
both an increase of insulin and an increase in blood glucose
```
both an increase of insulin and an increase in blood glucose
38
A rise in blood glucose level will trigger all these responses except __________.
increased epinephrine secretion
increased beta cell secretion
storage of glycogen
storage of triglycerides
increased epinephrine secretion
39
Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________.
```
glucagon; insulin
pancreatic polypeptide; insulin
glucagon; somatostatin
insulin; glucagon
somatostatin; insulin
```
glucagon; insulin
40
The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce
```
somatostatin.
peptide P.
cortisol.
insulin.
glucagon.
```
somatostatin.
41
The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces
```
somatotropin.
glucagon.
digestive enzymes.
bile.
insulin.
```
digestive enzymes.
42
Adipose cells produce a hormone called __________ that acts on the brain to reduce food intake.
leptin
insulin
renin
adipin
leptin
43
Which of these regulatory substances does the kidney not secrete?
erythropoietin
calcitriol
renin
angiotensin
angiotensin
44
A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in all of the following, except
```
increased urine production.
increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney.
increased blood volume.
increased water retention.
elevated blood pressure.
```
increased urine production.
45
The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of
```
erythropoietin.
atrial natriuretic peptide.
adrenaline.
angiotensin.
cortisol.
```
angiotensin.
46
Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by converting enzymes in the
```
lungs.
kidneys.
heart.
liver.
blood.
```
lungs.
47
A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes
```
aldosterone.
cortisone.
testosterone.
androstenedione.
progesterone.
```
progesterone.
48
Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the
```
bone marrow of the skeletal system.
epidermis of the integumentary system.
hypothalamus of the nervous system.
endothelial linings of the cardiovascular system.
splenic pulp of the lymphatic system.
```
epidermis of the integumentary system.
49
The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is
```
cortisol.
thyroid hormone.
epinephrine.
testosterone.
aldosterone.
```
epinephrine.
50
The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by
a sharp increase in motivation and energy.
failure of electrolyte balance.
increasing ability to produce glucose from glycogen.
increased pumping effectiveness of the heart.
an increase in urine output.
failure of electrolyte balance.
51
In paracrine communication a chemical signal acts within the tissue that produced it; in endocrine communication the signal reaches the target cells by way of the circulation. Are these two statements true or false?
Both statements are false.
The first is false; the second is true.
Both statements are true.
The first is true; the second is false.
Both statements are true.
52
Hormones known as "catecholamines" are
```
lipids.
steroids.
derivatives of reproductive glands.
peptides.
derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.
```
derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.
53
After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,
```
cyclic nucleotides are formed.
G proteins are phosphylated.
gene transcription is initiated.
protein kinases are activated.
adenyl cyclase is activated.
```
gene transcription is initiated.
54
Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors?
```
epinephrine
insulin and epinephrine
cortisol
insulin
calcitriol
```
insulin and epinephrine
55
Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of
```
progesterone.
testosterone.
cAMP.
estrogen.
thyroid hormone.
```
cAMP.
56
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
```
oxytocin.
LH.
TSH.
ADH.
ACTH.
```
ADH.
57
Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture
```
CRF and GnRH.
GHIH and GHRH.
TSH and FSH.
ADH and oxytocin.
FSH and PRL.
```
ADH and oxytocin.
58
Which of these signs is often seen in patients suffering from hyperthyroid disease?
elevated body temperature
elevated heart rate
elevated oxygen utilization
Patients with hyperthyroidism often exhibit all of these signs.
Patients with hyperthyroidism often exhibit all of these signs.
59
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
```
glucagon.
oxytocin.
thyroxine.
parathyroid hormone.
calcitonin.
```
calcitonin.
60
Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?
```
in the lumen of the thyroid follicle
in apical microvilli
in rough endoplasmic reticulum
in pinocytotic vesicles
in lysosomes
```
in the lumen of the thyroid follicle
61
Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn't
inhibit osteoblast activity.
stimulate osteoclast activity.
enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys.
stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys.
build up bone.
build up bone.
62
The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
```
insulin.
thyroid hormone.
glucagon.
growth hormone.
parathyroid hormone.
```
parathyroid hormone.
63
A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is
```
thymosin.
cortisol.
somatotropin.
parathormone.
aldosterone.
```
aldosterone.
64
Cushing disease results from an excess of
```
ADH.
glucocorticoids.
epinephrine.
growth hormone.
parathyroid hormone.
```
glucocorticoids.
65
A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following, except
fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells.
the rate of glycogen formation by the liver.
ACTH levels.
the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver.
the level of fatty acids in the blood.
ACTH levels.
66
Which of these is not a steroid hormone produced by the gonads?
estradiol
testosterone
progesterone
cortisol
cortisol
67
If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
```
prolonged
exhaustion
alarm
resistance
extension
```
resistance
