Chapter 19 Flashcards
1
Q
The agranular leukocyte (agranulocyte) that is capable of phagocytosis is the __________.
monocyte lymphocyte eosinophil neutrophil
A
monocyte
2
Q
People with type “O” blood are considered “universal donors” for transfusions because __________.
they usually have very strong red blood cells their blood is plentiful in A and B agglutinins their blood lacks A and B agglutinins their blood lacks A and B antigens
A
their blood lacks A and B antigens
3
Q
The white blood cell type that most rapidly increases in number after a bacterial infection is the __________.
neutrophils eosinophils monocytes lymphocytes
A
neutrophils
4
Q
The common pathway in coagulation ends with __________.
conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin positive feedback of thrombin formation adhesion of platelets to a damaged vessel wall release of PF-3
A
conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
5
Q
Most of the protein factors that are required for clotting are synthesized by
the spleen. platelets. the liver. megakaryocytes. the kidneys.
A
the liver.
6
Q
The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the
hematocrit. differential cell count. packed volume. specific gravity. viscosity.
A
hematocrit.
7
Q
The combination of plasma and formed elements is called
serum. lymph. packed blood. extracellular fluid. whole blood.
A
whole blood.
8
Q
Each of the following is a characteristic of whole blood, except a
temperature of approximately 38 degrees Celsius. pH of 7.4. viscosity about the same as water. deep red color from hemoglobin. built-in system for clotting.
A
viscosity about the same as water.
9
Q
A person who has a low blood volume is said to be
normovolemic. antivolemic. hypervolemic. hypovolemic. isovolemic.
A
hypovolemic.
10
Q
The chief difference between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the
concentration of electrolytes. concentration of nitrogen wastes. concentration of water. concentration of proteins. concentration of glucose.
A
concentration of proteins.
11
Q
Which of these is not one of the formed elements of blood?
antibodies lymphocytes RBCs basophils platelets
A
antibodies
12
Q
The most abundant solute in plasma is __________.
protein sodium ion glucose dissolved gases
A
protein
13
Q
Serum can’t coagulate because the __________ has been removed.
immunoglobulin fibrinogen protein C albumin
A
fibrinogen
14
Q
Transferrin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?
transport albumin apolipoprotein metalloprotein hormone-binding protein steroid-binding protein
A
metalloprotein
15
Q
Which plasma protein transports fatty acids and some hormones?
albumin steroid-binding protein hormone-binding protein translipin gamma globulin
A
albumin
16
Q
Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?
pancreas brain kidney heart liver
A
liver
17
Q
Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the
albumins. immunoglobulins. metalloproteins. fibrinogens. lipoproteins.
A
immunoglobulins.
18
Q
A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is
immunoglobulin A. fibrinogen. metalloprotein D. albumin alpha. lipoprotein C.
A
fibrinogen.
19
Q
The formed elements are largely produced within the __________.
thymus liver spleen red bone marrow
A
red bone marrow
20
Q
Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone
M-CSF. thymosin. erythropoietin. renin. angiotensin.
A
erythropoietin.
21
Q
The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if
hemolysis is prevented by a mutated gene. red blood cells bind too much oxygen. there is insufficient heme in the hemoglobin. a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal. the diet is deficient in iron.
A
a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal.
22
Q
An obstruction in blood flow to the kidneys would ultimately result in
renal anemia. decreased erythropoiesis. pernicious anemia. increased erythropoiesis. increased sensitivity to vitamin K.
A
increased erythropoiesis.
23
Q
The level of erythropoietin in the blood would rise due to all of the following, except
during anemia. during periods of fasting. when blood flow to the kidneys is disrupted. at high altitudes. as a consequence of hemorrhage.
A
during periods of fasting.
24
Q
Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of
sodium. iron. calcium. magnesium. copper.
A
iron.
25
Pernicious anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor is specifically treated by
```
oral doses of iron.
oral doses of vitamin B12.
injections of iron.
blood transfusion.
injections of vitamin B12.
```
injections of vitamin B12.
26
A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because
dead white blood cells accumulate at the site of injury.
the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin.
hemoglobin has leaked from the blood into the injury and hemoglobin has a green color.
red blood cells are green when they leave circulation.
bilirubin from hemoglobin recycling has built-up in the bruise.
the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin.
27
The waste product bilirubin is produced from
```
iron found in hemoglobin molecules.
globin chains of hemoglobin.
heme molecules lacking iron.
heme molecules plus iron.
abnormal proteins found in red blood cells.
```
heme molecules lacking iron.
28
Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is
```
stored in yellow bone marrow.
excreted by the intestines.
excreted by the liver.
excreted by the kidneys.
recycled to the red bone marrow.
```
recycled to the red bone marrow.
29
The process of red blood cell production is called
```
hematopenia.
erythropenia.
erythropoiesis.
hemocytosis.
erythrocytosis.
```
erythropoiesis.
30
Each hemoglobin molecule contains
```
four alpha chains.
one heme group.
four iron atoms.
one alpha and one beta chain.
a molecule of oxygen and a molecule of carbon dioxide.
```
four iron atoms.
31
A person with a type A positive blood type can safely receive blood from all of these donors except __________.
A negative
B positive
A positive
O positive
B positive
32
People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because
they usually have very strong immune systems.
their blood is plentiful in A and B agglutinins.
their blood cells lack A and B antigens.
they are usually Rh negative.
their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.
their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.
33
Anti-D antibodies are present in the blood of
Rh positive individuals who have been exposed to the D surface antigen.
all Rh positive individuals.
all individuals with type AB blood.
Rh negative individuals who have been exposed to the D surface antigen.
all Rh negative individuals.
Rh negative individuals who have been exposed to the D surface antigen.
34
Granulocytes form in
```
the intestines.
the thymus.
the spleen.
yellow bone marrow.
red bone marrow.
```
red bone marrow.
35
White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are
```
lymphocytes.
basophils.
neutrophils.
monocytes.
eosinophils.
```
basophils.
36
________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.
```
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes
Basophils
```
Monocytes
37
White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the
```
monocytes.
eosinophils.
basophils.
neutrophils.
lymphocytes.
```
eosinophils.
38
Eosinophils function in:
```
destroying antibody-labeled antigens
blood coagulation
production of surface antigens for red blood cells
antibody production
production of heparin
```
destroying antibody-labeled antigens
39
The blood cells involved in specific immunity are the:
```
neutrophils
basophils
erythrocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
```
lymphocytes
40
Non-specific immunity, such as phagocytosis, is a function of which blood cells?
```
lymphocytes
basophils and eosinophils
platelets
lymphocytes and monocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
```
neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
41
The function of platelets is to assist in the
```
removal of worn out red blood cells.
process called hemostasis.
transport of blood gases such as oxygen.
destruction of bacteria.
immune response during an infection.
```
process called hemostasis.
42
Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called
```
lymphoblasts.
normoblasts.
megakaryocytes.
erythroblasts.
myeloblasts.
```
megakaryocytes.
43
Platelets are
```
tiny cells with a polynucleus.
cytoplasmic fragments of large cells.
large cells with a prominent, concave nucleus.
blue cells that have a nucleus.
red cells that lack a nucleus.
```
cytoplasmic fragments of large cells.
44
During fibrinolysis __________.
fibrinogen is activated
clots slowly dissolve
damaged tissue is pulled together
emboli form
clots slowly dissolve
45
The enzyme that dissolves fibrin is named __________.
thrombin
heparin
plasmin
fibrinase
plasmin
46
The complex process that leads to the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen is called __________.
coagulation
platelet adhesion
fibrinogenesis
syneresis
coagulation
47
The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the
conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
release of heparin from the liver.
sticking of platelets to damaged tissue.
release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.
activation of Factor VII exposed to collagen.
release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.
48
The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the
conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.
release of heparin from the liver.
activation of Factor XII exposed to collagen.
sticking of platelets to damaged tissue.
activation of Factor XII exposed to collagen.
49
The common pathway of coagulation begins with the
conversion of Factor X to prothrombinase.
activation of a proenzyme exposed to collagen.
conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
sticking of platelets to damaged tissue.
release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium.
conversion of Factor X to prothrombinase.
50
Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of
```
starvation.
thrombocytopenia.
hemorrhage.
acidosis.
anemia.
```
hemorrhage.
51
A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to
```
mimic heparin.
cause clots to form faster.
cause clot dissolution to proceed faster.
initiate clot formation.
recruit neutrophils to an infection.
```
cause clot dissolution to proceed faster.
52
A moving blood clot is called a(n)
```
plaque.
procoagulant.
platelet plug.
thrombus.
embolus.
```
embolus.
53
Consider these results from a blood lab test. Which value is most likely abnormal?
```
platelets - 280,000/μl
hematocrit - 44 percent
RBCs - 5.2 million/μl
hemoglobin - 10.7 g/100 ml
leukocytes - 8600/μl
```
hemoglobin - 10.7 g/100 ml
54
The most abundant component of plasma is
```
gases.
proteins.
ions.
water.
nutrients.
```
water.
