Chapter 23 Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following is the largest laryngeal cartilage?
thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage arytenoid cartilage epiglottis
A
thyroid cartilage
2
Q
Which of the following forms a lid over the glottis?
arytenoid cartilage thyroid cartilage epiglottis cricoid cartilage
A
epiglottis
3
Q
Which of the following structures is commonly referred to as the Adam’s apple?
laryngeal prominence thyrohyoid ligament cricothyroid ligament corniculate cartilage
A
laryngeal prominence
4
Q
During inhalation,
oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs. the diaphragm and rib muscles contract. air moves up the trachea. the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. the diaphragm relaxes.
A
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
5
Q
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
Nose Bronchioles Bronchi Trachea Alveoli
A
Alveoli
6
Q
Which statement is correct?
Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries.
A
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
7
Q
After blood becomes oxygenated,
it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth.
A
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
8
Q
Hemoglobin
is found in blood plasma. is the site of cellular respiration. uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells. has five subunits. is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
A
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
9
Q
As air moves from the nasal cavity to the glottis it passes through the pharynx in this order, __________.
laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx laryngopharynx, nasopharynx, oropharynx
A
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
10
Q
If the production of surfactant by type II alveolar cells (septal cells) is inadequate, which of these changes is expected?
increased inspiratory effort respiratory distress syndrome alveolar collapse All of these changes can be expected if the production of surfactant is inadequate.
A
All of these changes can be expected if the production of surfactant is inadequate.
11
Q
Boyle’s law states gas pressure is __________.
inversely proportional to temperature inversely proportional to volume directly proportional to volume independent of temperature
A
inversely proportional to volume
12
Q
The respiratory centers are located in __________.
the medulla oblongata only both the medulla oblongata and the pons the hypothalamus the pons only
A
both the medulla oblongata and the pons
13
Q
Which of the following structures or organs is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?
pharynx nasal conchae internal nares larynx
A
larynx
14
Q
What is the name of the respiratory tract passageway that leads directly into each lung?
larynx trachea bronchiole bronchus
A
bronchus
15
Q
Which of the following serves as a passageway for BOTH food or liquids and air?
pharynx bronchus larynx trachea
A
pharynx
16
Q
Which of these changes will decrease the effectiveness of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane?
increased difference in partial pressures increased thickness of the respiratory membrane increased number of alveoli All of these changes will decrease the effectiveness of gas exchange across the respiratory membranes.
A
increased thickness of the respiratory membrane
17
Q
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of
surfactant cells. simple squamous epithelium. ciliated squamous epithelium. moist cuboidal epithelium. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
A
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
18
Q
The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the
respiratory mucosa. alveoli of the respiratory tract. lower respiratory tract. upper respiratory tract. internal respiratory tract.
A
lower respiratory tract.
19
Q
The respiratory mucosa consists of
epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue. dense irregular connective. stratified squamous cells. fibrocartilage. All of the answers are correct.
A
epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue.
20
Q
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from
lack of neural control of respiration. genetic mutation in cilia production. excessive mucus secretions in the trachea. thick secretions that are difficult to transport. laryngospasm.
A
thick secretions that are difficult to transport.
21
Q
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because
it combines olfaction with respiration. it dries out the mouth. bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity. less resistance to flow. it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.
A
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.
22
Q
The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.
esophagus windpipe right mainstem bronchus trachea pharynx
A
pharynx
23
Q
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
vestibule. glottis. pharynx. trachea. larynx
A
pharynx.
24
Q
The auditory tubes open into the
nasopharynx. laryngopharynx. oropharynx. larynx. nasal cavity.
A
nasopharynx.
25
The glottis is
```
the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate.
part of the hard palate.
the opening to the pharynx.
a flap of elastic cartilage.
the opening to the larynx.
```
the opening to the larynx.
26
The vocal folds are located within the
```
nasopharynx.
bronchi.
trachea.
larynx.
oropharynx.
```
larynx.
27
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces
```
phonation.
speech.
ululation.
articulation.
whistling.
```
phonation.
28
During swallowing, the
```
intrinsic laryngeal muscles contract.
glottis closes.
extrinsic laryngeal muscles contract.
epiglottis is depressed.
All of the answers are correct.
```
epiglottis is depressed.
29
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the
```
bronchiole.
bronchus.
alveolar duct.
trachea.
laryngopharynx.
```
trachea.
30
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are
```
pleural spaces.
interlobular septa.
alveoli.
terminal bronchioles.
bronchioles.
```
alveoli.
31
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of
```
ciliated squamous epithelium.
surfactant cells.
moist cuboidal epithelium.
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
simple squamous epithelium.
```
simple squamous epithelium.
32
Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is
```
emphysema.
pneumothorax.
COPD.
pulmonary embolism.
anoxia.
```
pulmonary embolism.
33
Asthma is
an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.
caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
a collapsed lung.
an obstructive tumor.
characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli.
an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.
34
The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is
```
mm Hg.
psi.
torr.
cm H2O.
centigrade.
```
torr.
35
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that
atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary.
atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary.
intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric.
they are equal.
intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric.
they are equal.
36
External respiration involves the
movement of air into and out of the lungs.
binding of oxygen by hemoglobin.
utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.
diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.
exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid.
diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.
37
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than intraalveolar pressure.
less than intrapulmonic pressure.
equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
less than the pressure in the atmosphere.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
38
During quiet breathing,
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.
inspiration and expiration are both passive.
only the internal intercostal muscles contract.
inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions.
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
39
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.
```
Residual volume
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory capacity
```
Tidal volume
40
________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
```
Inspiratory capacity
Enhanced tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual inhaled volume
```
Inspiratory reserve volume
41
Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will
decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
decrease the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from the blood to the alveoli.
decrease the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli to the blood.
increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
hardly affect either the partial pressure or diffusion of gases.
decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
42
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells.
movement of air into and out of the lungs.
utilization of oxygen.
movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space.
movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.
movement of air into and out of the lungs.
43
Alveolar ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the alveoli.
movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.
utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.
movement of air into and out of the lungs.
movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli.
movement of air into and out of the alveoli.
44
Henry's law states that
the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.
in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.
gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.
the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
45
Dalton's law states that
in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.
the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.
gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.
in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
46
Most oxygen is transported in the blood stream while it is __________.
bound to hemoglobin
bound to albumin
bound to carbon dioxide
dissolved in the plasma
bound to hemoglobin
47
The chloride shift occurs in order to
transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma.
produce salt for the cytosol of blood cells.
force oxygen out of the blood and into tissues.
pump hydrochloric acid out of gastric cells.
produce carbonic acid.
transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma.
48
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form
```
nitric acid.
hydrochloric acid.
carbaminohemoglobin.
oxygen.
carbonic acid.
```
carbonic acid.
49
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
```
solute dissolved in the plasma.
carbonic acid.
carbaminohemoglobin.
solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.
bicarbonate ions.
```
bicarbonate ions.
50
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?
```
decreased pH
decreased amounts of DPG
decreased temperature
increased tissue PO2
All of the answers are correct.
```
decreased pH
51
Carbonic anhydrase
can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma.
can decrease the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma.
is in RBCs.
is an enzyme.
All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
52
The term hypercapnia refers to
```
labored breathing.
elevated PO2.
an increase in pH.
the cessation of breathing.
elevated PCO2.
```
elevated PCO2.
53
The apneustic centers of the pons
inhibit the pneumotaxic and inspiratory centers.
generate the gasp reflex.
alter chemoreceptor sensitivity.
monitor blood gas levels.
provide stimulation to the inspiratory center.
provide stimulation to the inspiratory center.
54
The pneumotaxic center of the pons
stimulates the dorsal respiratory group.
sets the at-rest respiratory pattern.
suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla.
modifies the rate and depth of breathing.
prolongs inspiration.
modifies the rate and depth of breathing.
55
The Hering-Breuer reflex
alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes.
alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes.
is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing.
protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation.
functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure.
protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation.
56
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in
```
less activity in the DRG center.
more intense inhalation.
decreased vital capacity.
increased respiratory rate.
a shorter respiratory cycle.
```
more intense inhalation.
